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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Congo (1)
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East Africa
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Tanzania (2)
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Kalahari Desert (1)
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Southern Africa
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Kaapvaal Craton (1)
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Kalahari Craton (1)
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Namaqualand (1)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
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Merensky Reef (2)
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Murchison greenstone belt (1)
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Witwatersrand (1)
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West Africa
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Ghana (1)
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Zimbabwe Craton (1)
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Antarctica
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East Antarctica (5)
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Asia
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Indian Ocean
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Coast plutonic complex (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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South Pacific
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West Pacific
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South America
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Brazil
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commodities
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placers
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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chemical ratios (1)
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isotope ratios (33)
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isotopes
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-
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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D/H (3)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (11)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
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O-18/O-16 (12)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (5)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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Lu/Hf (5)
-
metals
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actinides
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uranium
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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magnesium (3)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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antimony (1)
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copper (1)
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gold (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (11)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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nickel (2)
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neodymium
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samarium
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zirconium (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (12)
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trace metals (1)
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Invertebrata
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geologic age
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Mesozoic
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Jurassic
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Triassic
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Carboniferous
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-
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Marcellus Shale (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (9)
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middle Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician (8)
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Permian
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Irati Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (1)
-
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic (4)
-
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Phanerozoic (2)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Aravalli System (1)
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Central Rand Group (1)
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-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Banxi Group (1)
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Mesoproterozoic
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-
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (4)
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Nantuo Formation (2)
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Tonian (3)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Cobalt Group (1)
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Marquette Range Supergroup (1)
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Rustenburg Layered Suite (1)
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Siderian (1)
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Svecofennian (1)
-
-
Sinian
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Nantuo Formation (2)
-
-
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-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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kamafugite (1)
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kimberlite (1)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (1)
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diabase
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-
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gabbros
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granites
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granodiorites (2)
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-
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ultramafics
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peridotites
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lherzolite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
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basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
trachybasalts (1)
-
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (4)
-
ocean-island basalts (2)
-
-
komatiite (3)
-
pyroclastics
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-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
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ophiolite (1)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
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eclogite (1)
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gneisses
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banded gneiss (1)
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orthogneiss (3)
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granulites (1)
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marbles (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metagabbro (1)
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-
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metasedimentary rocks
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metapelite (2)
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metasandstone (3)
-
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metasomatic rocks
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-
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migmatites (2)
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mylonites (1)
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quartzites (1)
-
schists
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blueschist (1)
-
-
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ophiolite (1)
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turbidite (1)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony irons
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mesosiderite
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Vaca Muerta Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates (1)
-
oxides
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rutile (5)
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-
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phosphates
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apatite (7)
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xenotime (9)
-
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platinum minerals (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
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amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (1)
-
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orthopyroxene (4)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
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plagioclase (2)
-
-
silica minerals
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quartz (3)
-
-
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magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
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garnet group (3)
-
olivine group
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forsterite (2)
-
olivine (3)
-
-
titanite group
-
titanite (2)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (63)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (1)
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-
-
epidote group
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allanite (2)
-
epidote (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
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saponite (1)
-
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illite (2)
-
mica group
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biotite (5)
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phlogopite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
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-
-
tellurides
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altaite (1)
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hessite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (76)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Tanzania (2)
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
Southern Africa
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Albany-Fraser Orogen
Sulfide Emplacement and Migration in the Nova-Bollinger Ni-Cu-Co Deposit, Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia
Abstract Neoarchean rocks of the Tropicana Zone, including granites with subduction-zone affinities, formed in a terrane adjacent to, or on the margin of, the Yilgarn Craton at the commencement of a long-lived, amphibolite to granulite facies event – the 2722–2554 Ma Atlantis Event. Early stages of this event overlap with extensive komatiite emplacement within the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane (Yilgarn Craton), suggestive of a plume-related rift environment, which was followed by 2660–2630 Ma greenschist facies, orogenic gold mineralization. This indicates differences in the tectonic evolution of the Tropicana Zone compared with within the craton, although isotopic data show similarities in crustal sources. At c. 2520 Ma, the Tropicana Zone was retrogressed to greenschist facies as it was thrust onto the Yamarna Terrane (Yilgarn Craton), forming a northwesterly directed fold-and-thrust belt above the flat-lying Plumridge Detachment. This fold-and-thrust belt is host to the c. 2520 Ma, Tropicana gold deposit. The Plumridge Detachment may extend north to the Yamarna greenstone belt, linking to the Yamarna Shear Zone – the boundary between the Burtville and Yamarna Terranes. The fertility of the Tropicana Zone is related to its Neoarchean geodynamic setting within a continental arc environment, implying that deformed margins of Archean cratons may be prospective for Neoarchean Au deposits.
Cooling and exhumation along the curved Albany-Fraser orogen, Western Australia
Geochronological Constraints on the Tropicana Gold Deposit and Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia
1.2 Ga thermal metamorphism in the Albany–Fraser Orogen of Western Australia: consequence of collision or regional heating by dyke swarms?
(A) Simplified interpreted bedrock geology of the Albany-Fraser orogen with...
(A) Simplified geology map of the Albany-Fraser orogen with the sedimentary...
Geologic map of the Yilgarn craton and the Albany-Fraser orogen, showing th...
Proterozoic basement provinces of southern and southwestern Australia, and their correlation with Antarctica
Abstract Three Precambrian basement provinces extend from the southern coast of Australia into East Antarctica when reconstructed in a Gondwana configuration. These are, from east to west, the Mawson Craton, and the Albany–Fraser and Pinjarra Orogens. The Mawson Craton preserves evidence for tectonic activity from the late Archaean until the earliest Mesoproterozoic. It is exposed in the Gawler Craton of South Australia, the Terre Adélie and King George V Land coastline of East Antarctica, and the Miller Range of the central Transantarctic Mountains. It may form a significant part of the ice-covered East Antarctic Shield, although insufficient data are available to constrain its lateral extent. The Mawson Craton underwent late Palaeoproterozoic tectonism along its eastern margin (the Kimban Orogeny) and the occurrence of c. 1700Ma eclogites in the Transantarctic Mountains implies that this was, in part, a collisional event, although elsewhere it was characterized by low P/T metamorphism. The western margin of the Mawson Craton collided with a continental fragment comprising the Nawa Domain of the Gawler Craton, the Coompana Block and the Nornalup Complex of Western Australia at c. 1560Ma during the Kararan Orogeny. The western edge of the Nornalup Complex later collided with the Biranup and Fraser Complexes and Yilgarn Craton to form the Albany–Fraser Orogen during two stages of tectonism at c. 1350–1260 and 1210–1140Ma. The Pinjarra Orogen truncates the western margin of the Yilgarn Craton and Albany–Fraser Orogen, and contains allochthonous 1100–1000Ma gneissic blocks transported along the craton margin during at least two stages of Neoproterozoic transcurrent movement. It divides East Gondwana into Australo-Antarctic and Indo–Antarctic domains, which are distinct continental fragments with different Proterozoic histories that were juxtaposed by oblique collision at 550–500Ma during the assembly of Gondwana. The path taken by the Pinjarra Orogen beneath the Antarctic ice sheet is unknown, but it is of similar width and length to the East African Orogen, and must have been a fundamental Neoproterozoic boundary of critical importance to supercontinent assembly and breakup.
Contrasting Detrital Feldspar Pb Isotope Ratios and Zircon Geochronology to Distinguish Proximal versus Distal Transport
Abstract The Nova-Bollinger deposit is a large nickel-copper sulfide deposit discovered in 2012 by a junior Australian exploration company, Sirius Resources. The deposit is interpreted to represent a magmatic sulfide accumulation within several stacked mafic sills that intruded a sequence of sedimentary rocks, which has been subsequently recrystallized and variably deformed by lower granulite facies metamorphism. The deposit is located in the Albany-Fraser orogen of Western Australia—a Proterozoic belt broadly similar to the Circum-Superior belt in North America, which hosts the Thompson and Raglan nickel mining camps. Although some previous explorers had recognized the similarity between these areas and also undertaken limited exploration for nickel, the prospectivity of the Albany-Fraser orogen for magmatic nickel deposits was largely unrecognized and the area was virtually unexplored prior to the involvement of Sirius. The discovery is somewhat unusual because it is a blind, grassroots discovery made in what was previously assumed to be an unendowed geologic terrane by a small company with a small exploration budget. It is also unusual because the style of deposit discovered was exactly that which was originally targeted. The case study of the discovery includes the geologic concept, the exploration methods, and the key circumstances that led to the discovery of Nova-Bollinger. In one sense the discovery represents a textbook example of the deliberate and successful application of good geologic science and appropriate exploration methodology, but in another sense it was the culmination of numerous key decisions and seemingly unrelated events that spanned a period of nearly fifty years that created the necessary building blocks for the ultimate success. These building blocks include the involvement of a variety of other elements, including the efforts of previous mining companies, an accident by NASA, the persistence of a wealthy Australian prospector, and the initiative of the Government and Geological Survey of Western Australia. In terms of process, the deposit was discovered by systematically using various methods that were tailored to the target style and the nature of the terrane, and also appropriate to the scale and stage of exploration. These comprised regional aeromagnetics for target definition, soil geochemistry for target verification and prioritization, shallow reconnaissance drilling for defining the source of soil anomalies, ground electromagnetic geophysics for defining discrete drill targets, and finally drilling. It is critical to also evaluate how information and misinformation can potentially affect the exploration process at every step, and how entirely extrinsic factors such as timing and luck can determine the outcome of the process. Of particular interest in the case of the Nova-Bollinger discovery is insight into how junior explorers operate compared to the bigger companies, what they have to do to be effective explorers, how they contribute to the overall well-being of the resources sector, and how their success is influenced by the degree to which three factors coincide—motive, means, and opportunity.