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![Bathymetric overview map of the Alaska subduction zone. Red stars denote epicenters of the 1964 giant and 1938 great Alaska subduction earthquakes; annotated Mw indicates earthquake moment magnitudes; and bold, black dashed lines encircle their afterslip regions. Black dashed annotated isolines in the 1964 giant earthquake region mark zones of the largest slip (m; after Ichinose et al., 2007). Rupture segments are annotated, and wide dashed gray line marks division of Prince William Sound and Kodiak segments. The solid black line marks the plate boundary. Annotated arrows show plate motion and velocity relative to the North American plate (MORVEL, DeMets et al., 2010). Numbered solid lines show seismic lines; green and light green—Albatross legacy and new multichannel seismic (MCS) data; black—wide-angle; red dots are ocean bottom hydrophone (OBH) locations. Figure A1 shows seismic profile and station locations in greater detail. PWS—Prince William Sound; MTI—Montague Island; MI—Middleton Island; FZ—fracture zone; KS—Kodiak Seamount; SC—Seamount chain; AB—Albatross Bank; CI—Chirikof Island; SI—Semidi Islands; SH—Shumagin; SHI—Shumagin Islands, orange V—vent locations. Red box marks region shown in Figures 9, 13, A1, and A6.]()
![Alaska subduction zone with seismic line locations, estimated rupture areas of large earthquakes (Davies et al., 1981; López and Okal, 2006), and surface trace of plate boundary (dashed yellow line). The near-trench parts of Lines 3, 4, and 5 shown in Figure 2 are marked with transparent red patches. Inset shows the locations of Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) sites (Creager et al., 1973; Kulm et al., 1973) and the extent of the Zodiac fan (Stevenson et al., 1983).]()
![TGR distributions for the Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone (F‐E zone 1). Each of the thin gray curves represents one of the 2000 simulations. The solid black curve is created using the mean values of β, mc, and rt. The two dashed black curves represent the 95% confidence limits of the TGR distribution based on the 2000 simulations.]()
![Tectonic setting of the broader Eastern Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone (EAASZ), showing the study areas of this article (solid polygon) and Wei et al. (2021) (dotted polygon). In southern and central Alaska, the Yakutat terrane (YT) is subducting with the Pacific plate. Interface geometry for the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone (AASZ) is from Hayes et al. (2018). The numbers next to the solid black contours are depths for slab interface contours. Plate motion vectors are from DeMets et al. (2010). The boundaries that show sharp changes in locking are suggested by Li and Freymueller (2018) and are labeled as 1, 2, and 3. DG, Denali Gap; WVF, Wrangell Volcanic Field; YT, Yakutat terrane. Location of the EAASZ is shown in the global map view on the right side. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.]()
![Schematic cartoon of the Alaska-Aleutians subduction zone. Pacific plate stations far from the trench and mantle wedge stations show trench-parallel splitting due to trench-parallel mantle flow (red arrows). Outer-rise and shallow North American plate (OSNAP) stations show changes in splitting due to variations in tectonic fabrics (shaded bands) of the Pacific plate, and the associated changes in outer-rise seismicity (stars) and hydration by serpentine minerals. The change in hydration leads to different properties of the plate interface in the Semidi segment and Shumagin seismic gap. N. Am.—North American.]()
![(A) Schematic cross section of the Alaska Peninsula (USA) subduction zone, an example of an ocean–continent subduction system. Isotherms from the D80 model of Syracuse et al. (2010). The crust in the upper plate is ~35 km thick; the ocean crust + sediment package is 7 km thick; the depth to the slab beneath the arc (circle labeled “sub-arc”) is 108 km. INSET The slab-top and vertical sub-arc temperature–depth paths used in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. In the upper reaches of a subduction zone, fluids are chiefly entrained as pore fluids in sediments and, to a lesser extent, in the upper oceanic crust. They are mostly expelled by compaction by a depth of ~20 km. At greater depths, subduction-zone fluids (SZFs) are secondary, derived from metamorphic devolatilization. The characteristic thermal structure of subduction zones leads to distinct differences between shallow (~20–70 km) and deep (>90 km) SZFs, with a narrow ~20 km transition. The depth intervals of shallow and deep fluids may vary depending on the nature of mechanical coupling of the slab and mantle wedge (see text). (B) Compositional characteristics of the two types of fluids. Apices of quaternary diagrams are H2O, non-polar gas (e.g., CO2), salt (e.g., NaCl), and rock-forming minerals (chiefly silicates). Dark blue surfaces show fluid compositions coexisting with rock-forming minerals, and schematically illustrate that the two fluid types differ in solute concentration. Light-blue volumes show the range of stable fluid compositions in the absence of rock. AfterManning (2018). (C) Compositions of fluids coexisting with rock-forming minerals projected onto the basal triangles in Figure 1B, assuming CO2 and NaCl are the gas and salt components. Region of stability of a single H2O–NaCl–CO2 fluid is shown in blue; other regions involving additional phases are uncolored. The term “fluid” is used regardless of density. Because fluids reside in rock porosity, consideration of hydrothermal properties should, where possible, account for the effects of the widely ranging, depth-dependent solute load. Consideration only of the compositions on the H2O–gas–salt base of diagrams in Figure 1B can be problematic.]()
![Structural features of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Background image represents surface elevation (Becker and Sandwell, 2011). (A) Thick black lines show interpreted faults; thin black lines show interpreted folds (this study and Haeussler and Saltus, 2011). Yellow dashed line shows the approximate boundary between the subducted Pacific and Yakutat plates (Eberhart-Phillips et al., 2006); red lines show general trends of folds. (B) Blue lines show the three-dimensional plate boundary with 50 km contours (Hayes et al., 2018). Black arrow shows an approximate plate motion vector relative to the North American plate; this vector varies from ∼N21W in the east to ∼N26W in the west (Kreemer et al., 2014; Altamimin et al., 2016). White box shows the location of panel (A); yellow and red lines as in (A). CMF—Castle Mountain fault system; DF—Denali fault system; BBF—Bruin Bay fault system; BRF—Border Ranges fault system; AAM—Alaska-Aleutian megathrust; TF—Transition fault.]()
![(a) The subduction zone models for Alaska. The light blue boxes are the current 2007 USGS subduction zone segments used for the megathrust model (Wesson et al., 2007). These segments are Prince William Sound, Kodiak, Semidi, Shumagin, and Western Aleutians (Yakataga excluded in this analysis). Colored red, green, and dark blue lines show the area of the segment boundaries found in this study. The change from red to green, and green to blue, represents the limit of each boundary (i.e., new segment boundary proposed using the Bayesian approach in this study). (b) The transparent red zones are the approximate rupture areas of historic earthquakes from Benz et al. (2011). Note that the 1957 M 8.6 earthquake crossed the western Aleutian–Shumagin boundary, and the edge of this rupture appears to coincide with the boundary found in this study.]()
![—Schematic structural section of northern Alaska. “B” subduction zone (Bally and Snelson, 1980) of Early Cretaceous North American plate may have been cut by transform faults from middle to Late Cretaceous onward. Canada basin spread between 125 and 85 Ma. Alaskan plate probably became bonded to Eurasian plate after 85 Ma. Plate boundary moved between Kobuk and Kaltag faults in Late Cretaceous, and Kaltag fault became dominant Cenozoic boundary between Eurasian-North American plates. Southwestern (Paleozoic) part of section is modified from Mull (1982). Reflection control in central part southwest of Barrow arch is from Kirschner et al (1983), and northeast of arch is from Grantz and May (1983). Coastal and offshore Cenozoic and Mesozoic sediments are folded and thrust in segment F (Figure 8) near Alaskan border. This tectonism continues today owing to dominant northeastern movement of Eurasian plate.]()
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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Cibicides (1)
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-
Rotaliacea
-
Ammonia
-
Ammonia beccarii (1)
-
-
Elphidium (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (20)
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (1)
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (1)
-
Conodonta (18)
-
Fusulinina (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (4)
-
miospores
-
pollen (6)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (1)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (12)
-
nannofossils (5)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (2)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta (1)
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae (1)
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Taxodium (1)
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils (1)
-
Pterobranchia (3)
-
trails (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (45)
-
Ar/Ar (157)
-
exposure age (8)
-
fission-track dating (56)
-
He/He (1)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (3)
-
K/Ar (30)
-
Lu/Hf (23)
-
Nd/Nd (2)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (4)
-
paleomagnetism (68)
-
Pb/Pb (11)
-
Pb/Th (2)
-
radiation damage (1)
-
Rb/Sr (18)
-
Re/Os (38)
-
Sm/Nd (29)
-
tephrochronology (9)
-
Th/U (12)
-
thermochronology (67)
-
tree rings (2)
-
U/Pb (446)
-
U/Th/Pb (9)
-
uranium disequilibrium (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Anthropocene (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
lower Cenozoic (3)
-
middle Cenozoic (2)
-
Quaternary
-
Clovis (1)
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (4)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
Neoglacial
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
-
Mazama Ash (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (3)
-
Lake Missoula (2)
-
lower Pleistocene (2)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (2)
-
Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (2)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan (2)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (23)
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Tertiary
-
Calipuy Group (2)
-
Challis Volcanics (3)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
-
lower Tertiary (4)
-
middle Tertiary
-
Masset Formation (1)
-
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Antelope Shale (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (9)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (2)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
Saucesian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (6)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (4)
-
upper Pliocene (2)
-
-
upper Neogene (4)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (1)
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (2)
-
Eocene
-
Chuckanut Formation (5)
-
Chumstick Formation (2)
-
Clarno Formation (1)
-
Crescent Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (1)
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Lutetian (1)
-
Tyee Formation (3)
-
-
Narizian (1)
-
Ootsa Lake Group (2)
-
Swauk Formation (2)
-
Umpqua Formation (2)
-
upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (1)
-
Tejon Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ghost Rocks Formation (2)
-
Kenai Group (1)
-
lower Paleogene (5)
-
Oligocene
-
Hemlock Conglomerate (1)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (6)
-
-
Orca Group (2)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
upper Paleocene (2)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2)
-
Refugian (1)
-
Tyonek Formation (4)
-
Wilcox Group (4)
-
-
Pysht Formation (1)
-
upper Tertiary (2)
-
-
Tulare Formation (1)
-
upper Cenozoic (6)
-
Wildcat Group (2)
-
Yakataga Formation (4)
-
-
Dalradian (2)
-
Mesozoic
-
Bela Ophiolites (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (1)
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
-
Kuskokwim Group (3)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Barremian (6)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Blackleaf Formation (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (3)
-
Neocomian (3)
-
Torok Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Valanginian (4)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (24)
-
Nanushuk Group (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Belle Fourche Shale (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (2)
-
Campanian (4)
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coniacian (2)
-
Kanguk Formation (3)
-
Kodiak Formation (2)
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Lewis Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian (7)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Senonian (4)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (2)
-
Turonian (5)
-
-
Valdez Group (3)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (16)
-
Great Valley Sequence (7)
-
Jurassic
-
Bonanza Group (4)
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (3)
-
Fernie Formation (3)
-
Ladner Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
Laberge Group (8)
-
lower Liassic (2)
-
middle Liassic (4)
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
Pliensbachian (6)
-
Sinemurian (2)
-
Talkeetna Formation (3)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (5)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian
-
Yakoun Group (1)
-
-
Bathonian (4)
-
Callovian (2)
-
-
Smartville Complex (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (3)
-
Galice Formation (3)
-
Josephine Ophiolite (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (4)
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Naknek Formation (4)
-
Oxfordian (5)
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Sundance Formation (1)
-
Tithonian (4)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (6)
-
McHugh Complex (6)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (1)
-
Sandilands Formation (1)
-
Shimanto Group (1)
-
Triassic
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (4)
-
Nicola Group (2)
-
Shublik Formation (3)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (5)
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
Norian (7)
-
Rhaetian (3)
-
Sag River Sandstone (1)
-
Stuhini Group (2)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic
-
Yixian Formation (1)
-
-
Yanshanian (3)
-
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Bowers Supergroup (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Pinney Hollow Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (3)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Chilliwack Group (2)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kayak Shale (2)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian (2)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Golconda Formation (1)
-
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (3)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Desmoinesian
-
Spiro Sandstone (1)
-
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (2)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
-
Wapanucka Limestone (1)
-
-
Tesnus Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Guilmette Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (4)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (4)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
-
-
Earn Group (2)
-
Endicott Group (2)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
Leinster Granite (1)
-
Lisburne Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian
-
Ballantrae Complex (2)
-
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (1)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (1)
-
Meguma Group (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Echooka Formation (2)
-
Guadalupian
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (1)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (2)
-
-
-
McCloud Limestone (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
-
-
Pilot Shale (1)
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (2)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (26)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (6)
-
Neoarchean (17)
-
Paleoarchean (6)
-
Taihua Group (2)
-
Yellowknife Group (1)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hadean (2)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Prince Albert Group (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (2)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Damara System (1)
-
Hutuo Group (1)
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (2)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
-
-
Miette Group (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (11)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (3)
-
Vendian (5)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (2)
-
-
Birimian (2)
-
Hemlock Formation (1)
-
Qinling Group (1)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Svecofennian (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Xiong'er Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Vadito Group (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (2)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (2)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (7)
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kimberlite (8)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (6)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (5)
-
appinite (3)
-
diabase
-
diabase porphyry (1)
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (1)
-
plagiogranite (5)
-
quartz diorites (11)
-
tonalite (31)
-
trondhjemite (9)
-
-
essexite (1)
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros
-
teschenite (1)
-
-
anorthositic gabbro (1)
-
norite (11)
-
olivine gabbro (3)
-
troctolite (6)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
aplite (3)
-
A-type granites (6)
-
biotite granite (2)
-
charnockite (4)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
I-type granites (7)
-
leucogranite (9)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (7)
-
S-type granites (9)
-
two-mica granite (2)
-
-
granodiorites
-
granodiorite porphyry (1)
-
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
minette (1)
-
spessartite (2)
-
vogesite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (8)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (11)
-
quartz monzonite (8)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (2)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
miaskite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (9)
-
hornblendite (5)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (15)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (8)
-
lherzolite (5)
-
spinel lherzolite (3)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (8)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (2)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (20)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (20)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (5)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (12)
-
flood basalts (20)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (31)
-
ocean-island basalts (13)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
shoshonite (3)
-
tholeiite (5)
-
tholeiitic basalt (4)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (4)
-
-
dacites (18)
-
glasses
-
perlite (1)
-
volcanic glass (4)
-
-
komatiite (4)
-
latite (2)
-
meimechite (1)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (2)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (15)
-
pumice (9)
-
scoria (4)
-
tuff (17)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (6)
-
rhyolites
-
comendite (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (65)
-
volcanic ash (12)
-
wehrlite (5)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
metabentonite (3)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (22)
-
cataclasites (10)
-
eclogite (43)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (2)
-
granite gneiss (3)
-
orthogneiss (19)
-
paragneiss (8)
-
tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (16)
-
hornfels (3)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metacarbonate rocks (3)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (6)
-
metabasite (7)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
metagabbro (10)
-
metagranite (5)
-
metaperidotite (3)
-
metapyroxenite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
serpentinite (14)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (4)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metaconglomerate (2)
-
metagraywacke (2)
-
metapelite (14)
-
metasandstone (5)
-
paragneiss (8)
-
shungite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
greisen (2)
-
rodingite (1)
-
serpentinite (14)
-
skarn (31)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (19)
-
migmatites (21)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (10)
-
ultramylonite (2)
-
-
phyllites (4)
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (10)
-
schists
-
blueschist (13)
-
glaucophane schist (1)
-
greenschist (6)
-
greenstone (8)
-
-
slates (3)
-
-
ophiolite (65)
-
turbidite (59)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites
-
Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
awaruite (2)
-
-
arsenates (2)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (4)
-
sperrylite (3)
-
-
arsenites (2)
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (3)
-
aragonite (2)
-
azurite (1)
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (14)
-
dolomite (4)
-
ikaite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
siderite (3)
-
smithsonite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (1)
-
halides
-
chlorides (2)
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
fluorite (3)
-
humite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (3)
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
metabentonite (3)
-
minerals (4)
-
native elements
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (1)
-
-
graphite (2)
-
-
organic minerals (1)
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
brucite (1)
-
chrome spinel (14)
-
chromite (8)
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
germanates (1)
-
hematite (4)
-
ilmenite (8)
-
iron oxides (8)
-
limonite (2)
-
magnesium oxides (1)
-
magnetite (13)
-
niobates
-
betafite (1)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
-
rutile (8)
-
spinel (10)
-
tantalates
-
betafite (1)
-
microlite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (3)
-
titanomagnetite (3)
-
uraninite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (80)
-
britholite (1)
-
fluorapatite (7)
-
monazite (34)
-
triphylite (1)
-
xenotime (6)
-
-
platinum minerals (7)
-
selenides (1)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (2)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (2)
-
cummingtonite (2)
-
hastingsite (1)
-
hornblende (35)
-
kaersutite (3)
-
nephrite (2)
-
pargasite (4)
-
tremolite (4)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
jade (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (1)
-
chrome diopside (1)
-
diopside (2)
-
jadeite (1)
-
omphacite (3)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (2)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
celsian (1)
-
K-feldspar (9)
-
sanidine (3)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
anorthite (1)
-
-
-
myrmekite (1)
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz (20)
-
stishovite (1)
-
-
sodalite group
-
helvite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
mordenite (1)
-
-
-
magnesian silicates (2)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (2)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (1)
-
-
chloritoid (2)
-
chondrodite (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
grossular (2)
-
hydrogarnet (1)
-
majorite (1)
-
pyrope (1)
-
spessartine (1)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
humite (1)
-
kyanite (4)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (6)
-
olivine (37)
-
ringwoodite (1)
-
wadsleyite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
staurolite (2)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (14)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (420)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
bertrandite (1)
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (6)
-
clinozoisite (2)
-
epidote (11)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
ilvaite (1)
-
lawsonite (8)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
cordierite (3)
-
emerald (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (2)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (10)
-
-
clay minerals
-
allophane (1)
-
dickite (1)
-
kaolinite (2)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
nacrite (1)
-
nontronite (1)
-
saponite (1)
-
smectite (9)
-
-
corrensite (1)
-
cymrite (2)
-
illite (16)
-
mica group
-
annite (1)
-
biotite (35)
-
celadonite (2)
-
muscovite (26)
-
paragonite (2)
-
phengite (11)
-
phlogopite (4)
-
polylithionite (1)
-
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
sericite (3)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (3)
-
chrysotile (1)
-
lizardite (1)
-
serpentine (3)
-
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alum (1)
-
alunite (3)
-
anhydrite (5)
-
barite (7)
-
celestine (1)
-
gypsum (4)
-
jarosite (2)
-
natroalunite (1)
-
voltaite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (1)
-
argentite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (4)
-
bornite (4)
-
chalcocite (3)
-
chalcopyrite (24)
-
cinnabar (2)
-
cooperite (2)
-
copper sulfides (2)
-
galena (5)
-
helvite (1)
-
laurite (5)
-
marcasite (2)
-
millerite (1)
-
molybdenite (21)
-
nickel sulfides (3)
-
orpiment (1)
-
pentlandite (4)
-
pyrite (29)
-
pyrrhotite (6)
-
realgar (1)
-
sphalerite (11)
-
stibnite (3)
-
wurtzite (1)
-
zinc sulfides (2)
-
-
sulfosalts
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sulfantimonites
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pyrargyrite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenates
-
enargite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
proustite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
hessite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (2)
-
-
wehrlite (5)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (637)
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academic institutions (2)
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Africa
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Cape Verde Islands (2)
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Central Africa
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East Africa
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East African Rift (4)
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Egypt
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Southern Africa
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South Africa
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa
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Gauteng South Africa
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Limpopo South Africa (1)
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Murchison greenstone belt (1)
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Transvaal region (1)
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Zimbabwe
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West Africa
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Senegal (1)
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West African Craton (1)
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Antarctica
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Russian Arctic
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Oman
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United Arab Emirates (2)
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Pamirs (4)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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Indonesia
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Japan
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Itoigawa-Shizuoka tectonic line (1)
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Kyushu
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Miyazaki Japan (1)
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Ryukyu Islands
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Korea
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Laos (1)
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Mongolia
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Garhwal Himalayas (2)
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Jammu (1)
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Kohistan (7)
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Indus River (1)
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Kyrgyzstan (5)
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associations (3)
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Invertebrata
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Alaska subduction zone
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Journal Article
Double Seismic Zones along the Eastern Aleutian‐Alaska Subduction Zone Revealed by a High‐Precision Earthquake Relocation Catalog
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 05 July 2022
Seismological Research Letters (2022) 93 (5): 2753–2769.
...Farzaneh Aziz Zanjani; Guoqing Lin Abstract The Eastern Aleutian‐Alaska Subduction Zone (EAASZ) manifests significant along‐strike variations in structure and geometry. The limited spatial resolution in intermediate‐depth earthquake locations precludes investigation of small‐scale variations...
Journal Article
Anisotropy-revealed change in hydration along the Alaska subduction zone
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 03 June 2021
Geology (2021) 49 (9): 1122–1125.
... splitting measurements that illuminate changes in anisotropy, and therefore hydration, of the subducting Pacific plate beneath the Alaska subduction zone (northern Pacific Ocean). Variations in shear-wave splitting directly correlate to changes in the behavior of great, megathrust earthquakes. My...
FIGURES
Journal Article
New Evidence for Segmentation of the Alaska Subduction Zone
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2002
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2002) 92 (5): 1754–1765.
... 14,099 subduction-zone earthquakes that occurred from July 1988 to July 1998 and were located between 58° N and 65° N latitude. The earthquake data were taken from the Alaska Earthquake Information Center catalog. The selected earthquakes were divided into 16 blocks on the basis of their hypocentral...
Journal Article
Evaluation of Ground‐Motion Models for U.S. Geological Survey Seismic Hazard Models: 2018 Anchorage, Alaska, M w 7.1 Subduction Zone Earthquake Sequence
Daniel E. McNamara, Emily Wolin, Peter M. Powers, Alison M. Shumway, Morgan P. Moschetti, John Rekoske, Eric M. Thompson, Charles S. Mueller, Mark D. Petersen
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 11 December 2019
Seismological Research Letters (2020) 91 (1): 183–194.
... set allowing us to evaluate the predictive power of ground‐motion models (GMMs) for intraslab earthquakes associated with the Alaska subduction zone. In this study, we evaluate 15 candidate GMMs using instrumental ground‐motion observations of peak ground acceleration and 5% damped pseudospectral...
Journal Article
Interactions between megathrust behavior and forearc deformation in the Andreanof segment of the Aleutian Subduction Zone, offshore Alaska, USA
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 09 January 2025
Geology (2025) 53 (4): 301–305.
...Valeria Cortés-Rivas; Donna J. Shillington; Dan Lizarralde; Hannah Mark Abstract To explore controls on megathrust behavior and its connection with forearc deformation, we studied the Andreanof segment of the Aleutian Subduction Zone (offshore Alaska, USA), which has a simple geological history...
FIGURES
Image
Bathymetric overview map of the Alaska subduction zone. Red stars denote ep...
in Subducting oceanic basement roughness impacts on upper-plate tectonic structure and a backstop splay fault zone activated in the southern Kodiak aftershock region of the Mw 9.2, 1964 megathrust rupture, Alaska
> Geosphere
Published: 25 February 2021
Figure 1. Bathymetric overview map of the Alaska subduction zone. Red stars denote epicenters of the 1964 giant and 1938 great Alaska subduction earthquakes; annotated Mw indicates earthquake moment magnitudes; and bold, black dashed lines encircle their afterslip regions. Black dashed annotated
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Alaska subduction zone with seismic line locations, estimated rupture areas...
in Connections between subducted sediment, pore-fluid pressure, and earthquake behavior along the Alaska megathrust
> Geology
Published: 09 February 2018
Figure 1. Alaska subduction zone with seismic line locations, estimated rupture areas of large earthquakes ( Davies et al., 1981 ; López and Okal, 2006 ), and surface trace of plate boundary (dashed yellow line). The near-trench parts of Lines 3, 4, and 5 shown in Figure 2 are marked
Journal Article
Impact of a Larger Fore‐Arc Region on Earthquake Ground Motions in South‐Central Alaska Including the 2018 M 7.1 Anchorage Inslab Earthquake
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 11 December 2019
Seismological Research Letters (2020) 91 (1): 174–182.
...Chris H. Cramer; Eric Jambo Abstract The thermal state of the crust and mantle in subduction zones is controlled by the depth of the subducting plate. With low‐angle subduction, like at the eastern end of the Alaska subduction zone, the less attenuating fore‐arc is extended farther from the trench...
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Stress Interactions between an Interplate Thrust Earthquake and an Intraplate Strike‐Slip Event: A Case Study of 2018 M w 7.9 Gulf of Alaska Earthquake
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 25 January 2022
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2022) 112 (2): 695–703.
...Luyuan Huang; Tao Tao; Rui Gao; Yaolin Shi ABSTRACT Most major earthquakes that have occurred in Alaska are related to rupture of the megathrust along the Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone. Large intraplate earthquakes in the oceanic lithosphere are rare. Recently, one large intraplate earthquake...
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Subduction geometry of the Yakutat terrane, southeastern Alaska
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 December 2014
Geosphere (2014) 10 (6): 1161–1176.
... Alaska and a smaller scale identical to the P-wave data. Our data confirm that the southeastern Alaska subduction zone extends from the eastern end of the Aleutian Trench an additional 300 km to the Fairweather–Queen Charlotte fault system. We also locate the boundary between the Yakutat Block and North...
Journal Article
Subducting plate geology in three great earthquake ruptures of the western Alaska margin, Kodiak to Unimak
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2012
Geosphere (2012) 8 (3): 628–644.
...Roland von Huene; John J. Miller; Wilhelm Weinrebe Abstract Three destructive earthquakes along the Alaska subduction zone sourced transoceanic tsunamis during the past 70 years. Since it is reasoned that past rupture areas might again source tsunamis in the future, we studied potential asperities...
Journal Article
Three-Dimensional P -Wave Velocity Structure and Precise Earthquake Relocation at Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 October 2008
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2008) 98 (5): 2428–2448.
... relocations of this activity on the southeast flank define a vertical planar feature oriented radially from the summit and in the direction of the assumed regional maximum compressive stress due to convergence along the Alaska subduction zone. This swarm may have been caused or accompanied by the emplacement...
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Southern Alaska Lithosphere and Mantle Observation Network (SALMON): A Seismic Experiment Covering the Active Arc by Road, Boat, Plane, and Helicopter
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 31 May 2017
Seismological Research Letters (2017) 88 (4): 1185–1202.
...Carl Tape; Douglas Christensen; Melissa M. Moore‐Driskell; Justin Sweet; Kyle Smith ABSTRACT The Southern Alaska Lithosphere and Mantle Observation Network (SALMON) is a deployment of 28 broadband, direct‐burial posthole seismometers in the Cook Inlet region of the southern Alaska subduction zone...
Includes: Supplemental Content
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TGR distributions for the Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone (F‐E zone 1). Ea...
in Magnitude Limits of Subduction Zone Earthquakes
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 16 September 2014
Figure 6. TGR distributions for the Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone (F‐E zone 1). Each of the thin gray curves represents one of the 2000 simulations. The solid black curve is created using the mean values of β , m c , and r t . The two dashed black curves represent the 95% confidence
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Tectonic setting of the broader Eastern Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone (EA...
in Double Seismic Zones along the Eastern Aleutian‐Alaska Subduction Zone Revealed by a High‐Precision Earthquake Relocation Catalog
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 05 July 2022
Figure 1. Tectonic setting of the broader Eastern Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone (EAASZ), showing the study areas of this article (solid polygon) and Wei et al. (2021) (dotted polygon). In southern and central Alaska, the Yakutat terrane (YT) is subducting with the Pacific plate. Interface
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Schematic cartoon of the Alaska-Aleutians subduction zone. Pacific plate st...
Published: 03 June 2021
Figure 3. Schematic cartoon of the Alaska-Aleutians subduction zone. Pacific plate stations far from the trench and mantle wedge stations show trench-parallel splitting due to trench-parallel mantle flow (red arrows). Outer-rise and shallow North American plate (OSNAP) stations show changes
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( A ) Schematic cross section of the Alaska Peninsula (USA) subduction zone...
Published: 01 December 2020
Figure 1. ( A ) Schematic cross section of the Alaska Peninsula (USA) subduction zone, an example of an ocean–continent subduction system. Isotherms from the D80 model of Syracuse et al. (2010) . The crust in the upper plate is ~35 km thick; the ocean crust + sediment package is 7 km thick
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Structural features of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Background imag...
in Three-dimensional shape and structure of the Susitna basin, south-central Alaska, from geophysical data
> Geosphere
Published: 05 June 2020
Figure 11. Structural features of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Background image represents surface elevation ( Becker and Sandwell, 2011 ). (A) Thick black lines show interpreted faults; thin black lines show interpreted folds (this study and Haeussler and Saltus, 2011 ). Yellow dashed
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(a) The subduction zone models for Alaska. The light blue boxes are the cur...
in An Alternative Segmentation Model for the Alaskan Aleutian Megathrust
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 10 May 2016
Figure 6. (a) The subduction zone models for Alaska. The light blue boxes are the current 2007 USGS subduction zone segments used for the megathrust model ( Wesson et al. , 2007 ). These segments are Prince William Sound, Kodiak, Semidi, Shumagin, and Western Aleutians (Yakataga excluded
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—Schematic structural section of northern Alaska. “B” subduction zone ( Bal...
in Tectonic History of Northern Alaska, Canadian Arctic, and Spitsbergen Regions Since Early Cretaceous
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 April 1986
Figure 9 —Schematic structural section of northern Alaska. “B” subduction zone ( Bally and Snelson, 1980 ) of Early Cretaceous North American plate may have been cut by transform faults from middle to Late Cretaceous onward. Canada basin spread between 125 and 85 Ma. Alaskan plate probably became
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