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Akata Formation
Modeled pore-pressure history for the base of the Akata Formation of the Ni...
—Structural map of top of Akata Formation, Niger delta, Nigeria.
—Type sections of Akata Formation and of Afam Clay Member of Benin Formatio...
Prospectivity in ultradeep water: the case for petroleum generation and migration within the outer parts of the Niger Delta apron
Abstract The interpretation of 2-D and 3-D seismic data acquired over the ultradeep water (1500–4000 m), lower delta-slope region of the Niger Delta indicates the continuation of the principal stratigraphic subdivisions out onto the continental rise. The Niger Delta sediment apron is still over 4 km in thickness in 4000 m of water. The continuation of a thick sediment pile into ultradeep water, coupled with the existence of a proven petroleum system on the higher parts of the slope, extends the potential region for mature Palaeogene and possibly older, oil-source rocks, up to and beyond the limit of current drilling technology. Contrary to previous models, the Miocene-Holocene Agbada Formation does not thin out oceanward relative to the underlying Akata Formation. The continuation of this seismic-event-based division of the Tertiary succession into and throughout the ultradeep-water province indicates an abrupt change in depositional style with the arrival of major submarine fans. The collapse of the Niger Delta sediment cone above overpressured muds of the Akata Formation is manifested in the ultradeep-water region as thrusting. The style of deformation varies across the area, depending on the level of detachment within the Akata Formation. The thrusting is divided into compartments by transfer zones against which toe-thrusts terminate or are offset. The toe-thrusts can be seen to have antecedents in the framework of rifts that predated breakup. These rift elements are imaged beneath the western delta region and reflect the possible extent of extended continental crust in this area. The lower slope is traversed by large turbidite channels that extend from the upper parts of the slope to beyond the outermost toe-thrusts. These channels provide a route for sand to be brought into these water depths from the shelf and from mud-diapir-bounded mini-basins higher on the slope. The existence of underlying, presumed Late Cretaceous rift elements beneath parts of the ultradeep-water areas raise the possibility of additional source rocks within the ultradeep waters of the Niger Delta.
Petroleum Exploration on Niger Delta: ABSTRACT
Structural styles in the deep-water fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta
Depth-converted seismic sections showing a comparison between a system with...
Northern Delta Depobelt Portion of the Akata–Agbada(!) Petroleum System, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Abstract The northern depobelt portion of the Akata-Agbada(!) petroleum system corresponds geographically and stratigraphically to the northernmost of six depobelts recognized in the Niger delta. This portion of the system has a total surface area of 7675 km2 and contains about 3 billion bbl of mostly light waxy crude oil and over 7 trillion scf of gas. These hydrocarbons, whose source rocks are both the Akata and Agbada formations, accumulated in sandstone reservoirs of the Agbada Formation within a depth interval of 1000-4000 m. The total cumulative production from 11 oil fields within the northern depobelt is about 500 million bbl. The organic matter in the Niger delta is never concentrated in continuous mappable source rock layers but is instead randomly distributed through the stratigraphic sequence. Thus, two points summarize the approach adopted to quantify the hydrocarbons generated. First, the source rock interval is identified as that part of the section presently within the oil window and the part that was within the oil window at the time of growth fault displacement but has since been buried deeper. Second, a statistical average of 2.2 wt. % TOC calculated from the literature was applied to the net thickness of clay to represent the source rock interval. Where this interval is thermally mature to overmature, it is the active source rock. This active source rock interval straddles the lower Agbada and upper Akata formations and corresponds to 43-39 Ma (middle-late Eocene). The oils from this petroleum system can be unequivocally correlated with their presumed source rocks by biological marker analysis. Traps were created by synsedimentary tectonics that started about 41 Ma, at which time the active source rock was buried to about 2500 m. Significant primary migration of hydrocarbons presumably occurred continously until stabilization of the depobelt, which took place nearly 22 Ma. Therefore, the pod of active source rock in the Northern delta depobelt was active from 41 to 22 Ma. The efficiency of this petroleum system is only about 1.0%. The extent to which this efficiency is representative of the rest of the Akata-Agbada petroleum system cannot yet be judged until more studies of this kind in other depobelts have been conducted. However, the efficiency in the Northern delta depobelt may be relatively low because of perceived deficiencies in trapping conditions, such as ratty sands and prevalence of hanging wall fault closures.
Three-dimensional seismic lines (A and B) showing deformation within the up...
Tertiary Lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta
Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical-taper wedge: The influence of elevated basal fluid pressure on structural styles
(A) Regional stratigraphy of the Niger Delta, depicting the three diachrono...
Structural controls on the positioning of submarine channels on the lower slopes of the Niger Delta
Abstract Recently acquired 2D seismic data shot over the western Niger Delta have enabled a pre-delta rift framework to be delineated inshore of a transform fault dominated continental margin which lies beneath the later, delta sediment apron. The delta apron has been deformed by toe-of-slope thrusting where faults have climbed from a detachment surface at or near the top of the over-pressured Akata Formation mudstones. The overlying mixed clastic succession of the Agbada Formation has been faulted by a broadly oceanward stepping series of NW-SE trending thrusts climbing from this detachment level. The principal thrusts have been offset by NE-SW trending transfer zones, the positions of which have been inherited from trends within a pre-delta rift framework that underlies part of the western delta slope. 3D seismic data partly covering the 2D grid show turbidite channel complexes at numerous stratigraphic levels within the Agbada Formation and clustered in particular areas of the slope. Commonly, submarine channels can be seen to have cut through the relief caused by folding at the positions of intersection with transfer fault zones. These data show the relationship between structure and channel formation and highlight the importance of transfer fault zones in localizing channel systems on the lower slope. Nevertheless, the 2D seismic data has provided an explanation for the location of the transfer zones within the toe-thrust belt in the form of an underlying structural framework, and both data types have contributed to the understanding of controls on reservoir distribution in an area where the principal sand delivery systems are perpendicular to the main structural trend.
Longshore Drift, Submarine Canyons, and Submarine Fans in Development of Niger Delta
Outline of Geology of Niger Delta
Niger Delta Oil Province: Recent Developments Onshore and Offshore: ABSTRACT
Outline of Geology of Niger Delta: ABSTRACT
A simulation of large-scale groundwater flow in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
2-12: Detachment fold, Niger Delta
Interactions Between Coeval Sedimentation and Deformation from the Niger Delta Deepwater Fold Belt
Abstract The deepwater fold and thrust belt of the Western Niger Delta provides an ideal natural setting in which to study interactions between coeval sedimentation and deformation. Deformation in this area takes the form of folding due to the up-dip gravitational collapse of the Niger Delta above the overpressured shale detachment of the Akata Formation. The seafloor relief formed by folding is initially oriented perpendicular to the downslope sediment transport direction. This results in a significant barrier to the basinwards transport of material and the creation of accommodation space within the hangingwall and footwall areas of the fold. Coeval sedimentation during uplift results in deposition of a growth sequence composed of a compensationally stacked vertical succession of mass-transport deposits (MTDs), channel–levee systems (CLSs), and hemipelagic drape deposits (HD). Variations in the along-strike structural style and relief of a large-scale fold c. 40 km in length control variations in growth-sequence geometry. These variations in fold style along strike also determine sediment flow pathways around the positive relief formed at the seafloor during fold uplift. Switching of sedimentation between the two structurally induced flow pathways around the fold is related to the compensational stacking patterns within the hangingwall which cause a shift in flow pathways from one fold edge to another. The combined structural–stratigraphic approach to the interpretation of sedimentation in deepwater fold belts can provide a useful method for reconstructing the development of relief during folding.