Abstract The Araçuaí orogen extends from the eastern edge of the São Francisco craton to the Atlantic margin, in southeastern Brazil. Orogenic igneous rocks, formed from c. 630 to c. 480 Ma, cover one third of this huge area, building up the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province and the most important dimension stone province of Brazil. G1 supersuite (630–585 Ma) mainly consists of tonalite to granodiorite, with mafic to dioritic facies and enclaves, representing a continental calc-alkaline magmatic arc. G2 supersuite mostly includes S-type granites formed during the syn-collisional stage (585–560 Ma), from relatively shallow two-mica granites and related gem-rich pegmatites to deep garnet-biotite granites that are the site of yellow dimension stone deposits. The typical G3 rocks (545–525 Ma) are non-foliated garnet-cordierite leucogranites, making up autochthonous patches and veins. At the post-collisional stage (530–480 Ma), G4 and G5 supersuites were generated. The S-type G4 supersuite mostly consists of garnet-bearing two-mica leucogranites that are the source of many pegmatites mined for tourmalines and many other gems, lithium (spodumene) ore and industrial feldspar. G5 supersuite, consisting of high-K–Fe calc-alkaline to alkaline granitic and/or charnockitic to dioritic/noritic intrusions, is the source of aquamarine-topaz-rich pegmatites but mainly of a large dimension stone production.

Abstract The Quadrilátero Ferrífero district, located on the southern portion of the San Francisco craton in Minas Gerais, Brazil, comprises Archean greenstone terranes of the Nova Lima Supergroup and the Paleoproterozoic cratonic cover sequences of the Minas Supergroup that consist of quartzites, metaconglomerates, phyllites, dolomites, and banded iron formations. The Minas Supergroup was affected by two orogenic events—the Paleoproterozoic Transamazonian-Mineiro (2.1–2.0 Ga) orogeny and the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic Brasiliano-Araçuaí (0.65–0.50 Ga) orogeny, resulting in complex deformation and metamorphic grades that increase from greenschist facies in the West to amphibolite facies in the East. Metamorphosed iron formations, referred to as itabirites, are found in three compositionally distinct lithofacies, namely quartz itabirite, dolomitic itabirite, and amphibolitic itabirite; these lithofacies are host to a large number of economically important high-grade iron ore deposits that give rise to the name Quadrilátero Ferrífero, or "Iron Quadrangle." High-grade iron ores replace itabirites in tectonically favorable, low-strain sites. faults acted as conduits while large fold hinges were sinks for mineralizing fluids. Hard and fine-grained hematite and/or magnetite orebodies are in the western low-strain domain of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Subsequent deformation led to recrystallization and development of distinctly schistose high-grade hematite ores characteristic of the eastern high-strain domain. A combination of hypogene and geologically recent supergene processes is thus invoked to explain the formation of the high-grade iron ores of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Three stages of hypogene ore formation are distinguished. The first two of these stages took place early during the Transamazonian orogeny (2.1–2.0 Ga) and are well preserved in the western low-strain domain. During the first stage metamorphic fluids leached SiO 2 and carbonates and mobilized iron, which resulted in the formation of massive magnetite bodies, Fe oxide veins, and Fe-rich itabirite bodies; during the second stage, low-temperature, low-salinity fluids caused oxidation of magnetite and Fe-rich dolomite to hematite. The resulting ore is porous to massive and has a granoblastic fabric. The third and final hypogene stage of ore formation is related to thrusts of uncertain age (Transamazonian or Brasiliano orogeny), which dominate the tectonic structure of the eastern high-strain domain of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Crystallization of tabular hematite and large platy specularite crystals that overprint the preexisting granular fabric in the presence of high-salinity hydrothermal fluids are characteristic of this stage. During the Neogene, supergene residual enrichment processes gave rise to the formation of soft to friable hematite orebodies. The larger soft orebodies that surround some smaller hard high-grade orebodies are typically associated with dolomitic itabirite. Together, both ore types comprise the giant high-grade iron deposits typical for the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, resulting from the superposition of both hypogene and supergene processes. Pure supergene deposits are considerably smaller and do not extend to deeper levels below the erosion surface.

ABSTRACT Two main tectonic scenarios have been proposed for the area corresponding to the Guerrero terrane in western Mexico. The first model suggests that the Guerrero terrane was an allochthonous volcanic arc developed over oceanic substrate, which was accreted to nuclear Mexico. The second tectonic model proposes that the Guerrero terrane was a para-autochthonous volcanic arc developed over continental crust, which was rifted during the extensional phase of the Arperos back-arc basin and then tectonically attached to nuclear Mexico. Based on U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircon grains extracted from Mesozoic sedimentary successions of the Guerrero terrane and western nuclear Mexico, this study provides new evidence to support the interpretation that the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Guerrero terrane was built above a pre–Late Jurassic continentally sourced basement. Hf isotopic signatures of detrital zircon from Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Guerrero terrane range from –14 to +13 and display depleted mantle model ages (T DMc , using a mean crustal value of 176 Lu/ 177 Hf = 0.015) between ca. 2.0 and 0.3 Ga, indicating provenance from both pre–Late Jurassic basement and juvenile crustal components. The most juvenile magmas were formed during the earliest Cretaceous extensional phase, which resulted in the formation of the Arperos basin. Additionally, the negative ε Hf ( t ) values are consistent with recycling of Proterozoic and Paleozoic continental materials in Mesozoic magmas.

Abstract In this classic segment, many tectonic processes, like flat-subduction, terrane accretion and steepening of the subduction, among others, provide a robust framework for their understanding. Five orogenic cycles, with variations in location and type of magmatism, tectonic regimes and development of different accretionary prisms, show a complex evolution. Accretion of a continental terrane in the Pampean cycle exhumed lower to middle crust in Early Cambrian. The Ordovician magmatic arc, associated metamorphism and foreland basin formation characterized the Famatinian cycle. In Late Devonian, the collision of Chilenia and associated high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphism contrasts with the late Palaeozoic accretionary prisms. Contractional deformation in Early to Middle Permian was followed by extension and rhyolitic (Choiyoi) magmatism. Triassic to earliest Jurassic rifting was followed by subduction and extension, dominated by Pacific marine ingressions, during Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. The Late Cretaceous was characterized by uplift and exhumation of the Andean Cordillera. An Atlantic ingression occurred in latest Cretaceous. Cenozoic contraction and uplift pulses alternate with Oligocene extension. Late Cenozoic subduction was characterized by the Pampean flat-subduction, the clockwise block tectonic rotations in the normal subduction segments and the magmatism in Payenia. These processes provide evidence that the Andean tectonic model is far from a straightforward geological evolution.