Skip Nav Destination
Update search
Filter
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
Filter
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
Filter
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
Filter
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
Filter
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
Filter
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Cape Verde Islands (1)
-
East Africa
-
Kenya (1)
-
Tanzania (2)
-
Zambia (2)
-
-
Sahara (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica (1)
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (2)
-
Kara Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Ilimaussaq (1)
-
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Gorny Altai (4)
-
Kuznetsk Alatau (4)
-
Mongolian Altai (16)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Chuya Basin (1)
-
Gorny Altai (4)
-
-
Altai-Sayan region (7)
-
Amur region (2)
-
Amur Russian Federation (2)
-
Angara River (5)
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (1)
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Baikal Mountains (3)
-
Baikal region (85)
-
Baikal rift zone (52)
-
Buryat Russian Federation
-
Vitim Plateau (7)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Aral Sea (1)
-
Kazakhstan
-
Central Kazakhstan (2)
-
Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
-
Karatau Range (2)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (2)
-
-
Zaisan Basin (1)
-
-
Pamirs (2)
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Brunei (1)
-
-
Burma (4)
-
Cambodia (1)
-
China
-
Altyn Tagh Fault (2)
-
Anhui China (2)
-
Anshan China (4)
-
Bohaiwan Basin (113)
-
Chongqing China (2)
-
Da Hinggan Ling (37)
-
Dabie Mountains (1)
-
Datong China (10)
-
Dongpu Depression (4)
-
Gansu China
-
Hexi Corridor (8)
-
Lanzhou China (1)
-
-
Guangxi China (2)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hebei China
-
Beijing China (35)
-
Jixian China (4)
-
Tianjin China (13)
-
Yanshan Range (11)
-
-
Heilongjiang China
-
Daqing Field (23)
-
-
Henan China (3)
-
Huang He (2)
-
Hubei China
-
Jianghan Basin (1)
-
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China
-
Bayan Obo China (13)
-
Erlian Basin (18)
-
-
Jiangsu China (2)
-
Jiangxi China (2)
-
Jilin China (17)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
Liaohe Basin (4)
-
Liaoning China
-
Beipiao China (4)
-
Haicheng China (3)
-
Liaodong Peninsula (22)
-
Liaohe Field (2)
-
-
Loess Plateau (8)
-
Ningxia China (15)
-
North China Plain (6)
-
North China Platform (168)
-
Ordos Basin (65)
-
Qaidam Basin (9)
-
Qilian Mountains (29)
-
Qinghai China (16)
-
Qinghai-Tibet Railway (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Shaanxi China (11)
-
Shandong China
-
Dongying Depression (14)
-
Jiyang Depression (13)
-
Shandong Peninsula (2)
-
Shengli Field (5)
-
-
Shanxi China
-
Taiyuan China (9)
-
-
Sichuan Basin (8)
-
Sichuan China (3)
-
Songliao Basin (50)
-
South China Block (7)
-
Sulu Terrane (2)
-
Taihang Mountains (12)
-
Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (5)
-
Tangshan China (9)
-
Tarim Platform (6)
-
Tengger Desert (1)
-
Tongling China (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar (2)
-
Junggar Basin (5)
-
Taklimakan Desert (2)
-
Tarim Basin (10)
-
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa Block (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (2)
-
Yangtze River (2)
-
Yangtze River valley (1)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
Yunnan China
-
Tengchong (1)
-
-
-
Indochina (2)
-
Indonesia
-
Sumatra (2)
-
-
Japan
-
Kyushu (1)
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea (1)
-
-
Laos (1)
-
Lesser Sunda Islands
-
Timor (1)
-
-
Malaysia (2)
-
Mongolia
-
Hangay Mountains (10)
-
Khubsugul Mongolia (6)
-
Mongolian Altai (16)
-
Selenga Mongolia (2)
-
Ulan Bator Mongolia (2)
-
-
Philippine Islands (1)
-
Sino-Korean Platform (4)
-
Thailand (3)
-
Vietnam (3)
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Gobi Desert (45)
-
Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (2)
-
India
-
Himachal Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Pakistan
-
Punjab Pakistan
-
Salt Range (1)
-
-
-
-
Irkutsk Basin (3)
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation
-
Chuya Russian Federation (1)
-
Slyudyanka Russian Federation (13)
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Tolbachik (1)
-
-
-
Karakoram (2)
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation
-
Shoriya Mountains (1)
-
-
Khakasiya Russian Federation (3)
-
Khamar-Daban Range (13)
-
Kodar Range (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Igarka Russian Federation (2)
-
Turukhansk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Kyrgyzstan (2)
-
Lake Baikal (39)
-
Lena River (2)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Israel
-
Makhtesh Ramon (1)
-
-
Lebanon (1)
-
Turkey (1)
-
-
Okhotsk region (2)
-
Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
-
Patom Plateau (1)
-
Primorye Russian Federation (2)
-
Qiangtang Terrane (1)
-
Rudny Altai (3)
-
Russian Far East (5)
-
Russian Pacific region (1)
-
Sakhalin Russian Federation
-
Sakhalin (1)
-
-
Salair Ridge (2)
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (27)
-
Western Sayan (1)
-
-
Selenga River valley (10)
-
Siberia (54)
-
Siberian fold belt (35)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Aldan Shield (2)
-
Yenisei Ridge (2)
-
-
Sikhote-Alin Range (2)
-
Southeast Asia (1)
-
Stanovoy Range (5)
-
Tajikistan (1)
-
Tibetan Plateau (31)
-
Tien Shan
-
Karatau Range (2)
-
-
Transbaikalia (106)
-
Turkestan (1)
-
Tuva Russian Federation
-
Sangilen Mountains (2)
-
-
Uzbekistan
-
Almalyk Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
Verkhoyansk region (1)
-
West Siberia
-
Kuznetsk Alatau (4)
-
Siberian Lowland (1)
-
-
Western Transbaikalia (42)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
-
Yana River (1)
-
Zabaykalskiy Russian Federation
-
Balei Russian Federation (1)
-
Chita Russian Federation (9)
-
Darasun Russian Federation (4)
-
Shilka Valley (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Equatorial Atlantic (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (4)
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Demerara Rise (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Cape Verde Islands (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Mount Isa Australia (1)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand (3)
-
Papua (1)
-
Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
Caledonides (1)
-
Canada
-
Mackenzie Mountains (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (2)
-
British Columbia
-
Saanich Inlet (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Kicking Horse River valley (1)
-
-
-
Central America (1)
-
Chicxulub Crater (1)
-
Columbia River (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Aral Sea (1)
-
Armenia (1)
-
Caucasus
-
Northern Caucasus (3)
-
-
Dnieper-Donets Basin (1)
-
Kazakhstan
-
Central Kazakhstan (2)
-
Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
-
Karatau Range (2)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (2)
-
-
Zaisan Basin (1)
-
-
Kyrgyzstan (2)
-
Ossetia
-
North Ossetia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Rudny Altai (3)
-
Russian Federation
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Chuya Basin (1)
-
Gorny Altai (4)
-
-
Amur region (2)
-
Amur Russian Federation (2)
-
Angara River (5)
-
Baikal Mountains (3)
-
Baikal region (85)
-
Baikal rift zone (52)
-
Buryat Russian Federation
-
Vitim Plateau (7)
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Chuya Alps (1)
-
Irkutsk Basin (3)
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation
-
Chuya Russian Federation (1)
-
Slyudyanka Russian Federation (13)
-
-
Kabardin-Balkar Russian Federation (2)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Tolbachik (1)
-
-
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation
-
Shoriya Mountains (1)
-
-
Khakasiya Russian Federation (3)
-
Khamar-Daban Range (13)
-
Kodar Range (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Igarka Russian Federation (2)
-
Turukhansk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Kuznetsk Alatau (4)
-
Lake Baikal (39)
-
Lena River (2)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
North Ossetia Russian Federation (1)
-
Northern Caucasus (3)
-
Okhotsk region (2)
-
Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
-
Patom Plateau (1)
-
Primorye Russian Federation (2)
-
Russian Far East (5)
-
Russian Pacific region (1)
-
Sakhalin Russian Federation
-
Sakhalin (1)
-
-
Salair Ridge (2)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Aldan Shield (2)
-
Yenisei Ridge (2)
-
-
Sikhote-Alin Range (2)
-
Stanovoy Range (5)
-
Timan-Pechora region (2)
-
Transbaikalia (106)
-
Tuva Russian Federation
-
Sangilen Mountains (2)
-
-
Ural region (2)
-
Verkhoyansk region (1)
-
Western Transbaikalia (42)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
-
Yana River (1)
-
Zabaykalskiy Russian Federation
-
Balei Russian Federation (1)
-
Chita Russian Federation (9)
-
Darasun Russian Federation (4)
-
Shilka Valley (1)
-
-
-
Steppes region (2)
-
Tajikistan (1)
-
Transcaucasia (2)
-
Urals
-
Southern Urals (2)
-
-
Uzbekistan
-
Almalyk Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
Volga-Ural region (1)
-
West Siberia
-
Kuznetsk Alatau (4)
-
Siberian Lowland (1)
-
-
-
Eurasia (5)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Piedmont Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
Western Alps
-
Cottian Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Armenia (1)
-
Caucasus
-
Northern Caucasus (3)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Fichtelgebirge (1)
-
Germany
-
Eifel (1)
-
Hesse Germany
-
Messel Germany (1)
-
-
Rhineland-Palatinate Germany (1)
-
-
Hungary (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
-
Dnieper-Donets Basin (1)
-
Kabardin-Balkar Russian Federation (2)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Ossetia
-
North Ossetia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Rhenish Schiefergebirge
-
Eifel (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Albania (1)
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Northern Apennines (1)
-
-
Piemonte Italy
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
-
Serbia (2)
-
-
Timan-Pechora region (2)
-
Transcaucasia (2)
-
Variscides (2)
-
Western Europe
-
Cottian Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
France (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Sweden
-
Varmland Sweden (1)
-
-
Western Gneiss region (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Dorset England (1)
-
-
-
-
Wadden Sea (1)
-
-
-
Franklin Mountains (1)
-
Huanghua Depression (11)
-
Indian Ocean (2)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
Borneo
-
Brunei (1)
-
-
Timor (1)
-
-
McArthur Basin (1)
-
Mediterranean region (2)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Adriatic Sea (1)
-
Black Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico (3)
-
North America
-
Glacier National Park (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Williston Basin (2)
-
-
North Island (1)
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
Southeast Pacific (1)
-
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
Northwest Pacific
-
East China Sea (1)
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
Okhotsk Sea (4)
-
South China Sea
-
Gulf of Tonkin (2)
-
Qiongdongnan Basin (1)
-
Yinggehai Basin (2)
-
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (55)
-
-
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific (1)
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
East China Sea (1)
-
Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
-
Okhotsk Sea (4)
-
South China Sea
-
Gulf of Tonkin (2)
-
Qiongdongnan Basin (1)
-
Yinggehai Basin (2)
-
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (55)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pacific region
-
Circum-Pacific region (1)
-
-
Pearl River (1)
-
Russian Platform
-
Dnieper-Donets Basin (1)
-
-
San Andreas Fault (1)
-
South America
-
Argentina
-
Pampas (1)
-
-
Bolivia
-
Cochabamba Bolivia (1)
-
-
Brazil
-
Amazonas Brazil (1)
-
Minas Gerais Brazil (1)
-
-
Chile (1)
-
Colombia (1)
-
Peru
-
Arequipa Peru (1)
-
-
-
South Island (1)
-
Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone (4)
-
United States
-
Alaska (1)
-
California
-
Kern County California (1)
-
Los Angeles County California
-
Los Angeles California (1)
-
-
San Gabriel Mountains (1)
-
Southern California (1)
-
-
Idaho
-
Custer County Idaho
-
Chilly Buttes (2)
-
-
Lost River Fault (1)
-
Shoshone County Idaho (1)
-
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Montana (1)
-
New Jersey (1)
-
New Mexico
-
Taos County New Mexico
-
Questa Mine (1)
-
-
-
Oregon
-
Grant County Oregon (1)
-
Malheur County Oregon (1)
-
-
South Dakota (1)
-
Texas
-
West Texas (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Grand County Utah
-
Moab Utah (1)
-
-
-
Wyoming
-
Converse County Wyoming (1)
-
Rock Springs Uplift (1)
-
-
-
USSR (9)
-
Yucatan Peninsula (1)
-
-
commodities
-
bauxite deposits (1)
-
bitumens (8)
-
borate deposits (1)
-
brines (4)
-
carborundum (1)
-
ceramic materials (1)
-
clay deposits (2)
-
coal deposits (15)
-
construction materials
-
cement materials (1)
-
crushed stone (1)
-
-
energy sources (4)
-
fluorspar deposits (5)
-
gems (4)
-
geothermal energy (14)
-
graphite deposits (2)
-
heavy mineral deposits (3)
-
industrial minerals (2)
-
magnesite deposits (4)
-
marble deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (3)
-
arsenic ores (1)
-
base metals (1)
-
beryllium ores (10)
-
chromite ores (1)
-
copper ores (53)
-
gold ores (55)
-
iron ores (30)
-
lead ores (19)
-
lead-zinc deposits (11)
-
lithium ores (7)
-
magnesium ores (5)
-
manganese ores (2)
-
mercury ores (4)
-
molybdenum ores (31)
-
nickel ores (16)
-
niobium ores (15)
-
platinum ores (12)
-
polymetallic ores (14)
-
rare earth deposits (27)
-
silver ores (16)
-
strontium ores (2)
-
tantalum ores (7)
-
thorium ores (1)
-
tin ores (16)
-
tungsten ores (12)
-
uranium ores (8)
-
vanadium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (21)
-
zirconium ores (4)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (150)
-
mineral exploration (54)
-
mineral resources (3)
-
nonmetal deposits (6)
-
oil and gas fields (69)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (8)
-
shale gas (9)
-
-
shale oil (13)
-
-
phosphate deposits (1)
-
placers (5)
-
quartz crystal (1)
-
sodium carbonate (1)
-
sulfur deposits (1)
-
tight sands (20)
-
water resources (8)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (59)
-
C-14 (16)
-
C-14/C-12 (2)
-
organic carbon (9)
-
-
chemical elements (1)
-
chemical ratios (8)
-
halogens
-
bromine (2)
-
chlorine
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
-
fluorine (11)
-
iodine (1)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (12)
-
-
incompatible elements (1)
-
isotope ratios (250)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (6)
-
Be-10 (6)
-
Be-10/Be-9 (1)
-
Be-7 (1)
-
C-14 (16)
-
C-14/C-12 (2)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Cs-137 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (13)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-210 (4)
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
U-238 (1)
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (4)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (6)
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
Be-10/Be-9 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (59)
-
C-14/C-12 (2)
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
-
D/H (12)
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (10)
-
Fe-57/Fe-54 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (9)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (46)
-
Li-7/Li-6 (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (84)
-
Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (65)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (13)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (5)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (12)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
S-33 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (28)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (89)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (14)
-
Lu/Hf (25)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium (4)
-
uranium
-
U-238 (1)
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (2)
-
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (2)
-
-
potassium (4)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
sodium (4)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (7)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (6)
-
Be-10/Be-9 (1)
-
Be-7 (1)
-
-
calcium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (89)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (1)
-
-
arsenic (2)
-
bismuth (2)
-
cadmium (1)
-
chromium
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
-
-
cobalt (1)
-
copper (6)
-
gold (10)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (46)
-
-
iron
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (10)
-
Fe-57/Fe-54 (1)
-
ferric iron (7)
-
ferrous iron (7)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (13)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (5)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-210 (4)
-
-
manganese (4)
-
mercury (7)
-
molybdenum (3)
-
nickel (3)
-
niobium (10)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
-
osmium (2)
-
platinum ores (12)
-
ruthenium (1)
-
-
precious metals (5)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (5)
-
europium (7)
-
lanthanum (5)
-
lutetium (3)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (84)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
-
scandium (2)
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (3)
-
-
silver (3)
-
tantalum (5)
-
tin (4)
-
titanium (11)
-
tungsten (4)
-
vanadium (12)
-
zinc (3)
-
zirconium (10)
-
-
nitrogen
-
organic nitrogen (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (4)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (6)
-
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (9)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-21 (1)
-
-
radon (3)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (65)
-
-
phosphorus (2)
-
selenium (3)
-
silicon
-
Si-30/Si-28 (2)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-33 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (28)
-
-
tellurium (1)
-
trace metals (5)
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (1)
-
burrows (2)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Acanthodii (1)
-
Chondrichthyes (1)
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Chondrostei (1)
-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Lissamphibia
-
Caudata
-
Urodela (1)
-
-
-
-
Aves
-
Archaeornithes
-
Archaeopteryx (1)
-
-
Neornithes (2)
-
-
Mammalia
-
Multituberculata (1)
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Amblypoda
-
Pantodonta (1)
-
-
Artiodactyla
-
Ruminantia
-
Bovidae (1)
-
-
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Hyaenidae (1)
-
-
-
Condylarthra (1)
-
Insectivora
-
Soricidae (1)
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Ceratomorpha
-
Rhinocerotidae (1)
-
-
-
Primates
-
Hominidae
-
Homo
-
Homo erectus (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea (1)
-
Rodentia
-
Myomorpha
-
Cricetidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (4)
-
Cryptodira (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia (1)
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia
-
Ankylosauria (2)
-
Ceratopsia
-
Ceratopsidae
-
Triceratops (1)
-
-
-
Ornithopoda
-
Hadrosauridae (1)
-
-
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda
-
Carnosauria (1)
-
Coelurosauria
-
Dromaeosauridae (1)
-
Tyrannosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (3)
-
-
Eosuchia (1)
-
Lepidosauria
-
Squamata (3)
-
-
-
-
-
Thelodonti (1)
-
-
-
coprolites (1)
-
cyanobacteria (5)
-
eukaryotes (3)
-
fossil man (1)
-
Graptolithina (2)
-
Hemichordata (1)
-
ichnofossils (7)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (4)
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Branchiopoda (5)
-
Ostracoda
-
Podocopida
-
Cypridocopina
-
Cyprididae
-
Candona (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (5)
-
Diptera (4)
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
Lepidoptera (1)
-
Mecoptera (1)
-
Neuroptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
-
Hemiptera (4)
-
-
-
Palaeoptera
-
Ephemeroptera (2)
-
Odonata (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (5)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Pentamerida (1)
-
Productida (1)
-
-
Inarticulata
-
Lingula (1)
-
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (1)
-
Gastropoda
-
Turritellidae (1)
-
-
-
Porifera
-
Demospongea (1)
-
Hexactinellida (1)
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea
-
Bulimina (1)
-
-
Cassidulinacea
-
Cassidulina (1)
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina (1)
-
-
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Cibicides (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (2)
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (4)
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (3)
-
Dinoflagellata (3)
-
miospores
-
pollen (14)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Coccolithophoraceae
-
Emiliania
-
Emiliania huxleyi (1)
-
-
Gephyrocapsa
-
Gephyrocapsa oceanica (1)
-
-
-
diatoms
-
Melosira (1)
-
-
nannofossils (1)
-
Phaeophyta (1)
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
-
Sphagnum (2)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
-
Archaeopteris (1)
-
-
Lycopsida
-
Stigmaria (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Betula (2)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Bennettitales (1)
-
Coniferales
-
Picea (1)
-
Pinaceae
-
Abies (1)
-
Larix (1)
-
Pinus (2)
-
-
-
Cordaitales
-
Cordaites (1)
-
-
Ginkgoales (3)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
Pterobranchia (1)
-
thallophytes (3)
-
tracks (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (9)
-
Ar/Ar (46)
-
exposure age (5)
-
fission-track dating (11)
-
K/Ar (6)
-
Lu/Hf (25)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (3)
-
paleomagnetism (28)
-
Pb/Pb (7)
-
Pb/Th (2)
-
radiation damage (1)
-
Rb/Sr (22)
-
Re/Os (9)
-
Sm/Nd (25)
-
Sr/Sr (3)
-
Th/U (4)
-
thermochronology (14)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
tree rings (1)
-
U/Pb (212)
-
U/Th/Pb (4)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
Medieval Warm Period (1)
-
Neoglacial
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
Subboreal (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (1)
-
Jaramillo Subchron (2)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
-
middle Pleistocene (6)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Malan Loess (2)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (4)
-
Bolling (3)
-
Younger Dryas (3)
-
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (3)
-
-
Zhoukoudian (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
Guantao Formation (10)
-
lower Miocene (2)
-
middle Miocene (5)
-
upper Miocene (2)
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Chadron Formation (1)
-
Dongying Formation (25)
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (2)
-
lower Eocene (2)
-
middle Eocene (3)
-
Subathu Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene (2)
-
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Brule Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
White River Group (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (48)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Nihewan Formation (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (2)
-
Aptian (9)
-
Barremian (1)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
Yingcheng Formation (6)
-
-
Nenjiang Formation (10)
-
Qingshankou Formation (11)
-
Quantou Formation (3)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (4)
-
Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Djadokhta Formation (9)
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Maestrichtian (3)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (1)
-
Santonian (1)
-
Senonian (5)
-
Turonian
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
Toarcian (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (3)
-
Bathonian (2)
-
Callovian (4)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (2)
-
Oxfordian
-
lower Oxfordian (1)
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (7)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
-
Middle Triassic (5)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (9)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic
-
Yixian Formation (13)
-
-
Yanshanian (10)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Atdabanian (3)
-
Tommotian (4)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Benxi Formation (6)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (2)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (19)
-
middle Paleozoic (3)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (5)
-
Majiagou Formation (3)
-
Middle Ordovician (6)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Katian (2)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Roadian (2)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (1)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (3)
-
Shihezi Formation (12)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (2)
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow
-
Ludfordian (1)
-
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (14)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (17)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (7)
-
Precambrian
-
Anshan Group (1)
-
Archean
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Mesoarchean (7)
-
Neoarchean (31)
-
Paleoarchean (3)
-
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
-
Changcheng System (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Hutuo Group (3)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
Stenian (1)
-
Wumishan Formation (5)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (3)
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (10)
-
Marinoan (3)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (3)
-
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (14)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Siderian (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Wumishan Formation (5)
-
-
-
-
-
Yudomian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites
-
sovite (1)
-
-
feldspathoid rocks (2)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kimberlite (4)
-
picrite (6)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (4)
-
appinite (3)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (3)
-
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (1)
-
plagiogranite (2)
-
quartz diorites (4)
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (1)
-
-
trondhjemite (4)
-
-
essexite (1)
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros
-
teschenite (1)
-
-
norite (5)
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (11)
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (15)
-
biotite granite (5)
-
charnockite (4)
-
granite porphyry (13)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
I-type granites (12)
-
leucogranite (8)
-
monzogranite (14)
-
muscovite granite (1)
-
rapakivi (3)
-
S-type granites (3)
-
-
granodiorites (26)
-
lamprophyres (8)
-
monzodiorite (11)
-
monzonites (13)
-
pegmatite (19)
-
quartz monzonite (5)
-
quartzolite (1)
-
sovite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
alkali syenites (4)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (2)
-
lujavrite (1)
-
miaskite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (6)
-
shonkinite (1)
-
syenite porphyry (2)
-
-
ultramafics
-
hornblendite (1)
-
olivinite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
harzburgite (3)
-
lherzolite (4)
-
spinel lherzolite (3)
-
spinel peridotite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (6)
-
-
-
porphyry (15)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (9)
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (2)
-
mugearite (1)
-
trachybasalts (9)
-
trachydolerite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (12)
-
ocean-island basalts (15)
-
shoshonite (4)
-
tholeiite (5)
-
tholeiitic basalt (5)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (1)
-
-
dacites (8)
-
glasses (7)
-
keratophyre (1)
-
komatiite (1)
-
latite (2)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
andesite tuff (1)
-
ignimbrite (4)
-
pumice (1)
-
tuff (7)
-
tuffite (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites
-
comendite (2)
-
pantellerite (4)
-
-
tephrite (2)
-
trachyandesites (4)
-
trachytes (6)
-
-
-
ophiolite (20)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (14)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (2)
-
granite gneiss (5)
-
orthogneiss (2)
-
paragneiss (4)
-
-
gondite (1)
-
granulites (16)
-
marbles
-
brucite marble (1)
-
calciphyre (1)
-
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (7)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metagabbro (2)
-
metagranite (2)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
khondalite (4)
-
meta-arkose (1)
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metapelite (3)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (4)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
greisen (3)
-
propylite (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
skarn (17)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (10)
-
migmatites (12)
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (5)
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
quartzites (10)
-
schists
-
greenschist (2)
-
tourmalinite (1)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
ophiolite (20)
-
turbidite (8)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
micrometeorites (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
carbides (2)
-
phosphides
-
schreibersite (1)
-
-
silicides (1)
-
-
antimonates (1)
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
sperrylite (1)
-
-
borates
-
ludwigite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (5)
-
aragonite (4)
-
bastnaesite (11)
-
calcite (21)
-
dawsonite (1)
-
dolomite (26)
-
magnesian calcite (2)
-
magnesite (3)
-
monohydrocalcite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
siderite (2)
-
synchysite (1)
-
thermonatrite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (1)
-
halides
-
bromides (1)
-
chlorides
-
eudialyte (1)
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (11)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
cryolite (1)
-
fluorite (14)
-
norbergite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
prosopite (2)
-
synchysite (1)
-
topaz (4)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
-
iron minerals (1)
-
manganese minerals (2)
-
minerals (3)
-
native elements
-
diamond (4)
-
graphite (6)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (4)
-
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
brannerite (1)
-
brucite (1)
-
cassiterite (6)
-
chrome spinel (4)
-
chromite (2)
-
corundum (1)
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
goethite (1)
-
hausmannite (1)
-
hematite (4)
-
hercynite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
oxyhydroxides (1)
-
-
ilmenite (6)
-
iron oxides (1)
-
magnetite (17)
-
manganite (1)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
columbite (3)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
pyrochlore (5)
-
samarskite (1)
-
-
pyrophanite (1)
-
rutile (12)
-
spinel (4)
-
tantalates
-
microlite (1)
-
tantalite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
uraninite (1)
-
wustite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (28)
-
britholite (3)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (15)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
platinum minerals (1)
-
silicates
-
borosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
rhonite (2)
-
sapphirine (1)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
arfvedsonite (3)
-
cummingtonite (1)
-
glaucophane (1)
-
grunerite (1)
-
hornblende (3)
-
kaersutite (1)
-
pargasite (1)
-
riebeckite (3)
-
tremolite (3)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (9)
-
augite (1)
-
chrome diopside (1)
-
diopside (8)
-
omphacite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
hypersthene (2)
-
-
-
rhodonite group
-
rhodonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
danburite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
amazonite (1)
-
celsian (1)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
K-feldspar (7)
-
microcline (4)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (1)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (6)
-
bytownite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
kalsilite (1)
-
nepheline (7)
-
-
pseudoleucite (1)
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (4)
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
coesite (1)
-
cristobalite (1)
-
quartz (26)
-
-
sodalite group
-
lazurite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (2)
-
laumontite (1)
-
natrolite (2)
-
pollucite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
braunite (1)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (3)
-
-
chloritoid (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
garnet group
-
andradite (1)
-
pyrope (1)
-
uvarovite (2)
-
-
larnite (1)
-
mullite (1)
-
norbergite (1)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (2)
-
forsterite (2)
-
kirschsteinite (1)
-
laihunite (1)
-
olivine (15)
-
-
phenakite group
-
phenakite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (2)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (5)
-
-
topaz (4)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (1)
-
thorite (1)
-
zircon (192)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
axinite group (2)
-
bertrandite (2)
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (2)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (2)
-
epidote (3)
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
kilchoanite (1)
-
melilite group
-
melilite (1)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
cordierite (1)
-
eudialyte (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (8)
-
elbaite (2)
-
schorl (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chamosite (1)
-
chlorite (4)
-
clinochlore (1)
-
cookeite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (10)
-
smectite (6)
-
-
illite (11)
-
mica group
-
annite (2)
-
biotite (14)
-
celadonite (1)
-
glauconite (3)
-
lepidolite (4)
-
muscovite (8)
-
phengite (2)
-
phlogopite (4)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
palygorskite (2)
-
pyrophyllite (2)
-
sericite (3)
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (2)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (1)
-
barite (3)
-
coquimbite (1)
-
lazurite (1)
-
voltaite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
chalcopyrite (7)
-
cinnabar (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (3)
-
lazurite (1)
-
molybdenite (6)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (18)
-
pyrrhotite (2)
-
sphalerite (4)
-
stibnite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
tetrahedrite (1)
-
-
sulfogermanates
-
canfieldite (1)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
canfieldite (1)
-
stannite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
calaverite (1)
-
-
tellurites (1)
-
tungstates
-
wolframite (1)
-
-
uranium minerals (2)
-
vanadates (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (288)
-
-