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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (3)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (6)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (82)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
Xe-129 (1)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (7)
-
Lu/Hf (22)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-230 (1)
-
Th-232 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-238 (2)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (2)
-
-
potassium
-
K-40 (1)
-
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
sodium (5)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (3)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (15)
-
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (82)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
antimony (2)
-
arsenic (6)
-
chromium (6)
-
copper (8)
-
germanium (1)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (46)
-
-
iron
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
-
ferric iron (1)
-
ferrous iron (2)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (8)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (3)
-
Pb-210 (2)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
manganese (2)
-
molybdenum (2)
-
nickel (3)
-
niobium (4)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
platinum ores (3)
-
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
europium (2)
-
lanthanum (4)
-
lutetium (3)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (59)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
-
-
ytterbium (3)
-
yttrium (6)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
silver (1)
-
tantalum (2)
-
titanium (9)
-
tungsten (3)
-
vanadium (4)
-
zinc (3)
-
zirconium (3)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (2)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (4)
-
-
krypton
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
-
radon (4)
-
xenon
-
Xe-129 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (59)
-
-
phosphorus (2)
-
silicon (2)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (6)
-
-
trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
-
Archaea (1)
-
bacteria
-
coliform bacteria (2)
-
-
burrows (3)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Teleostei (1)
-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia (1)
-
Mammalia
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Theria
-
Eutheria
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Cervidae (2)
-
-
-
Carnivora (1)
-
Cetacea (1)
-
Creodonta (1)
-
Insectivora
-
Proteutheria
-
Scandentia (1)
-
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Ceratomorpha
-
Rhinocerotidae (1)
-
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae (1)
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Elephas (1)
-
-
-
Gomphotheriidae (1)
-
-
Rodentia (2)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia (1)
-
-
-
-
cyanobacteria (1)
-
ichnofossils
-
Cruziana (2)
-
Planolites (1)
-
Rusophycus (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Chelicerata
-
Arachnida (1)
-
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda
-
Podocopida
-
Cypridocopina
-
Cyprididae
-
Candona (1)
-
-
-
Cytherocopina
-
Cytheracea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
Lepidoptera (1)
-
-
-
Palaeoptera
-
Odonata (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (12)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Productida (1)
-
Rhynchonellida
-
Rhynchonellidae (1)
-
-
Spiriferida (1)
-
Strophomenida (2)
-
-
-
Bryozoa
-
Cryptostomata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa (1)
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (3)
-
Cystoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
-
Echinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Hippuritacea (1)
-
Rudistae (2)
-
-
Ostreoidea
-
Gryphaea (1)
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (3)
-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Pteropoda (1)
-
-
-
Porifera
-
Demospongea (2)
-
Hexactinellida (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (2)
-
-
Miliolina
-
Miliolacea
-
Alveolinellidae
-
Alveolina (4)
-
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Cassidulinacea
-
Anomalinidae (1)
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globotruncanidae
-
Globotruncana (2)
-
-
Hantkenina (1)
-
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Discocyclina (4)
-
Lepidocyclina (1)
-
Orbitoididae (2)
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Heterostegina (1)
-
Nummulitidae (2)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Orbitolinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (14)
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
Vermes (1)
-
-
lichens (1)
-
Metazoa (1)
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (2)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Conodonta
-
Neogondolella (1)
-
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (2)
-
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (4)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (34)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
calcareous algae (2)
-
Chlorophyta
-
Botryococcus (1)
-
Charophyta (2)
-
Chlorophyceae
-
Codiaceae
-
Halimeda (2)
-
-
Dasycladaceae (1)
-
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae
-
Coccolithus (1)
-
-
diatoms (1)
-
nannofossils (3)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (2)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Alnus (1)
-
Asteridae (1)
-
Betula (1)
-
Compositae (1)
-
Ericaceae (1)
-
Leguminosae (2)
-
Myrtaceae
-
Eucalyptus (1)
-
-
Quercus (1)
-
Rosidae (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Palmae (2)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Pinaceae
-
Abies (1)
-
Pinus (4)
-
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
thallophytes (2)
-
trails (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (26)
-
Ar/Ar (87)
-
exposure age (10)
-
fission-track dating (43)
-
He/He (1)
-
Hf/W (1)
-
K/Ar (10)
-
lichenometry (1)
-
Lu/Hf (22)
-
Nd/Nd (8)
-
optical dating (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (12)
-
paleomagnetism (36)
-
Pb/Pb (6)
-
Pb/Th (11)
-
Rb/Sr (16)
-
Re/Os (4)
-
Sm/Nd (9)
-
Sr/Sr (6)
-
tephrochronology (1)
-
Th/U (9)
-
thermochronology (69)
-
thermoluminescence (3)
-
tree rings (1)
-
U/Pb (250)
-
U/Th/Pb (38)
-
uranium disequilibrium (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
lower Cenozoic (3)
-
middle Cenozoic (2)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (3)
-
Mesolithic (1)
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Middle Ages (2)
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middle Holocene (1)
-
Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
Neolithic (2)
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
lower Pleistocene (3)
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (1)
-
Bolling (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (17)
-
-
Siwalik System (44)
-
Stone Age
-
Mesolithic (1)
-
Neolithic (2)
-
Paleolithic
-
lower Paleolithic (1)
-
middle Paleolithic (2)
-
upper Paleolithic (2)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (6)
-
middle Tertiary (5)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
Kasauli Series (3)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
Pungo River Formation (1)
-
Surma Group (3)
-
upper Miocene
-
Chinji Formation (4)
-
Messinian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
lower Pliocene (3)
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
Yorktown Formation (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (4)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (8)
-
Eocene
-
Castle Hayne Limestone (1)
-
Ghazij Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (4)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Lutetian (1)
-
-
Subathu Formation (10)
-
upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (3)
-
-
-
Ilerdian (1)
-
lower Paleogene (7)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (9)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
-
middle Paleocene
-
Selandian (2)
-
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (5)
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Karewa Group (3)
-
-
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Bela Ophiolites (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
Pinda Formation (1)
-
-
Aptian (4)
-
Barremian (1)
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (7)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (4)
-
Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coniacian (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (5)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
-
-
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lathi Formation (3)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (2)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (3)
-
Bathonian (3)
-
Callovian (3)
-
-
Rajmahal Series (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Oxfordian (3)
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Induan (1)
-
Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
Smithian (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Ladinian (2)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (3)
-
Norian (5)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (3)
-
Semri Series (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (3)
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Muth Quartzite (2)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (17)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Darriwilian (2)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Katian (3)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Kungurian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (5)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (5)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (5)
-
-
-
Silurian (9)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Garhwal Group (3)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (7)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (9)
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
Singhbhum Granite (1)
-
-
Bijawar System (1)
-
Delhi Supergroup (12)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Banded Gneissic Complex (5)
-
Mesoproterozoic (9)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Blaini Formation (2)
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (4)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Statherian (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Vindhyan (8)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (10)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
peperite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
appinite (1)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (1)
-
plagiogranite (2)
-
quartz diorites (4)
-
tonalite (5)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros (2)
-
microgabbro (1)
-
norite (1)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (8)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (10)
-
leucogranite (54)
-
monzogranite (10)
-
muscovite granite (1)
-
S-type granites (5)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites
-
granodiorite porphyry (2)
-
-
ijolite (2)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (16)
-
quartz monzonite (2)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite (2)
-
syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (16)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (6)
-
garnet lherzolite (2)
-
harzburgite (9)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
spinel lherzolite (2)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (5)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (14)
-
andesites (5)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
flood basalts (5)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (11)
-
ocean-island basalts (9)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (2)
-
trap rocks (4)
-
-
dacites (5)
-
glasses (1)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
tuff (9)
-
-
rhyolites (11)
-
trachyandesites (3)
-
trachytes (6)
-
-
-
ophiolite (54)
-
volcanic ash (1)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (19)
-
cataclasites (1)
-
eclogite (38)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (4)
-
banded gneiss (2)
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (5)
-
orthogneiss (20)
-
paragneiss (10)
-
-
gondite (1)
-
granulites
-
leptite (1)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia (1)
-
-
marbles (13)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (2)
-
metabasite (4)
-
metadiabase (2)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
metagranite (7)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (9)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metagraywacke (2)
-
metapelite (18)
-
paragneiss (10)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
rodingite (1)
-
serpentinite (9)
-
skarn (3)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
migmatites (32)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
ultramylonite (3)
-
-
phyllites (5)
-
quartzites (23)
-
schists
-
black schists (1)
-
blueschist (6)
-
chlorite schist (1)
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (5)
-
-
ophiolite (54)
-
turbidite (11)
-
-
meteorites
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meteorites
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stony meteorites
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chondrites (1)
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minerals
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alloys
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carbides
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moissanite (3)
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nitrides (2)
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silicides (2)
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antimonides
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dyscrasite (1)
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arsenides
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borates
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borax (1)
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carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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aragonite (2)
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calcite (10)
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dolomite (5)
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hydromagnesite (1)
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halides
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chlorides
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halite (2)
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fluorides
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fluorite (2)
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hydrates (1)
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manganese minerals (1)
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minerals (10)
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native elements
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diamond
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microdiamond (2)
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graphite (3)
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organic minerals
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amber (2)
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oxides
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chrome spinel (4)
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chromite (5)
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corundum (1)
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gibbsite (1)
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goethite (1)
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ilmenite (3)
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iron oxides (1)
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magnetite (8)
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niobates
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pyrochlore (1)
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perovskite (2)
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rutile (7)
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spinel (8)
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tantalates
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tantalite (1)
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titanomagnetite (1)
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uraninite (5)
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wustite (2)
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phosphates
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apatite (54)
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lazulite (1)
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monazite (67)
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xenotime (5)
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platinum minerals (1)
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silicates
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asbestos (1)
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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alkalic amphibole (1)
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clinoamphibole
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arfvedsonite (1)
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glaucophane (3)
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hornblende (10)
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richterite (1)
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tschermakite (1)
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prehnite (1)
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pyroxene group
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alkalic pyroxene (1)
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clinopyroxene
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omphacite (2)
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orthopyroxene (2)
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feldspathoids (1)
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (7)
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microcline (1)
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sanidine (1)
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plagioclase
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albite (1)
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anorthite (1)
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myrmekite (1)
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scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
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silica minerals
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coesite (8)
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jasper (1)
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opal
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opal-CT (1)
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quartz
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alpha quartz (2)
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stishovite (3)
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zeolite group
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analcime (2)
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mordenite (1)
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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datolite group
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gadolinite (1)
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garnet group
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almandine (3)
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grossular (2)
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majorite (2)
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pyrope (3)
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spessartine (2)
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uvarovite (1)
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kyanite (7)
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olivine group
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forsterite (2)
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olivine (5)
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sillimanite (5)
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staurolite (2)
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titanite group
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titanite (8)
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zircon group
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coffinite (2)
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thorite (1)
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zircon (247)
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sorosilicates
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epidote group
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allanite (2)
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vesuvianite (1)
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ring silicates
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beryl (2)
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cordierite (1)
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emerald (3)
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tourmaline group
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dravite (2)
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elbaite (1)
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schorl (2)
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (5)
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clay minerals
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kaolinite (3)
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smectite (5)
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vermiculite (2)
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illite (5)
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mica group
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biotite (28)
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fluor-phlogopite (1)
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glauconite (1)
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muscovite (43)
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phengite (5)
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phlogopite (6)
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sericite (1)
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serpentine group
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talc (1)
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sulfates
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barite (1)
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mirabilite (1)
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sulfides
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arsenopyrite (1)
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chalcopyrite (3)
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pyrite (8)
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sulfosalts
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freibergite (2)
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luzonite (1)
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tetrahedrite (2)
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sulfarsenates
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enargite (1)
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sulfarsenites
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luzonite (1)
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tennantite (1)
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tungstates
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scheelite (1)
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wolframite (3)
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uranium minerals (3)
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wehrlite (1)
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Primary terms
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absolute age (375)
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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Congo River (1)
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Congo Craton (1)
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East Africa
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Zambia (2)
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North Africa
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Egypt
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Nubian Shield (3)
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Southern Africa
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South Africa
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Cape fold belt (1)
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Transvaal region (1)
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Antarctica
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Ellsworth Land
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Ellsworth Mountains (1)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Arctic Ocean
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Arctic region
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Altai Mountains (3)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Oman (2)
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Brahmaputra River (30)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan (1)
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Far East
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Burma (16)
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China
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Kunlun Mountains (11)
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Qinghai-Tibet Railway (1)
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Sichuan China
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South China Block (3)
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Xizang China
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Gangdese Belt (49)
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Lhasa Block (77)
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Yangtze River (1)
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Indochina (2)
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Indonesia
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Japan
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Malaysia (1)
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Taiwan (3)
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Thailand
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Vietnam
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Mekong Delta (1)
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Ganges River (17)
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Himalayas
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Garhwal Himalayas (48)
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High Himalayan Crystallines (26)
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Kumaun Himalayas
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Simla Hills (2)
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Lesser Himalayas (53)
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Mount Everest (21)
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Zanskar Range (21)
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Hindu Kush (11)
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Indian Peninsula
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Afghanistan
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Kabul Afghanistan (1)
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Bangladesh (14)
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Bengal (11)
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Bhutan (41)
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Ganga Basin (15)
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Ganges River basin (1)
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Godavari River (1)
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India
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Andhra Pradesh India
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Cuddapah India (1)
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