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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Tetrapoda
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Rodentia (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata (1)
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Coleoidea
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Porifera
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Protista
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Textulariina
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Vermes
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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Coniferales
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Tertiary
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Paleocene
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Bazhenov Formation (9)
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Paleozoic
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Upper Carboniferous
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Devonian
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Upper Devonian
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lower Paleozoic
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Cape Phillips Formation (1)
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middle Paleozoic (2)
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Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician
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Permian
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Lower Permian
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Middle Permian (2)
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Upper Permian
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Kazanian (2)
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (3)
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Wuchiapingian (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Tatarian (2)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Upper Silurian
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Ludlow (2)
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upper Paleozoic (6)
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Proterozoic
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Tonian (1)
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Rhenohercynian (1)
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porphyry (3)
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ophiolite (18)
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ophiolite (18)
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ordinary chondrites
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LL chondrites (2)
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minerals
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alloys
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carbides
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antimonides (3)
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borates
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carbonates
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rutile (8)
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thorianite (1)
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titanomagnetite (1)
-
uraninite (2)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (7)
-
britholite (1)
-
florencite (1)
-
monazite (8)
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plumbogummite (1)
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xenotime (1)
-
-
platinum minerals (10)
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selenides (1)
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selenites (1)
-
silicates
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asbestos (2)
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borosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
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aenigmatite group
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rhonite (1)
-
sapphirine (2)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (4)
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nephrite (1)
-
tremolite (2)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
-
-
jade (1)
-
prehnite (1)
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
-
diopside (7)
-
jadeite (3)
-
omphacite (2)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (1)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (2)
-
anorthite (2)
-
-
-
scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
coesite (11)
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cristobalite (1)
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jasper (1)
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keatite (1)
-
quartz (8)
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tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
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thomsonite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
-
britholite group
-
britholite (1)
-
-
chondrodite (1)
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clinohumite (1)
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garnet group
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andradite (1)
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grossular (3)
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pyrope (1)
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spessartine (1)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
kyanite (7)
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larnite (1)
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mullite (1)
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olivine group
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fayalite (1)
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forsterite (1)
-
kirschsteinite (1)
-
olivine (4)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
titanoclinohumite (1)
-
zircon group
-
thorite (1)
-
zircon (35)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (6)
-
clinozoisite (2)
-
epidote (2)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (1)
-
-
pumpellyite group
-
pumpellyite (3)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
-
cordierite (3)
-
emerald (4)
-
milarite group
-
osumilite (2)
-
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (4)
-
foitite (1)
-
schorl (2)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
-
chlorite (7)
-
clinochlore (2)
-
sudoite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (3)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
saponite (1)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
cymrite (1)
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illite (2)
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margarite (1)
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mica group
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biotite (3)
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glauconite (1)
-
muscovite (5)
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phengite (5)
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phlogopite (1)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
-
pyrophyllite (2)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
serpentine group
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antigorite (1)
-
chrysotile (3)
-
lizardite (2)
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serpentine (4)
-
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
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barite (1)
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beudantite (1)
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celestine (1)
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gypsum (2)
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jarosite (1)
-
-
sulfides
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alabandite (1)
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argentite (1)
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arsenopyrite (1)
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betekhtinite (1)
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chalcocite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (4)
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cobaltite (1)
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copper sulfides (1)
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digenite (1)
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galena (2)
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heazlewoodite (1)
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laurite (5)
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metacinnabar (2)
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molybdenite (4)
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orpiment (2)
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pentlandite (2)
-
pyrite (10)
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pyrrhotite (4)
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realgar (1)
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sphalerite (4)
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stibnite (2)
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sulfosalts
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sulfantimonites
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tetrahedrite (1)
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sulfarsenites
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jordanite (1)
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-
sulfobismuthites
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matildite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
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coloradoite (1)
-
-
tungstates
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scheelite (1)
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wolframite (1)
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-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (47)
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Africa
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asbestos deposits (3)
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Asia
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Far East
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Uzbekistan
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Nunavut
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Western Canada
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carbon
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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upper Quaternary (2)
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Tertiary
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Pliocene (2)
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Oligocene
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Paleocene
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upper Paleocene (4)
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
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Central America
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chemical analysis (2)
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Chordata
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Mammuthus
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Rodentia (1)
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clay mineralogy (5)
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hydrology (2)
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (5)
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kimberlite (7)
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trondhjemite (2)
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gabbros
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norite (1)
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granites
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adamellite (2)
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granodiorites (7)
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pegmatite (11)
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ultramafics
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chromitite (16)
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harzburgite (7)
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pyroxenite
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clinopyroxenite (5)
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porphyry (3)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites
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boninite (1)
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basalts
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alkali basalts
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trachybasalts (1)
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flood basalts (1)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (6)
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ocean-island basalts (2)
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shoshonite (1)
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tholeiite (1)
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tholeiitic basalt (1)
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glasses
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volcanic glass (1)
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komatiite (1)
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latite (1)
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pyroclastics
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rhyolite tuff (1)
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tuff (1)
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rhyodacites (3)
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rhyolites (4)
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trachytes (1)
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-
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (16)
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Indian Ocean
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Red Sea (1)
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Madagascar (2)
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industrial minerals (2)
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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1)
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interplanetary space (1)
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intrusions (23)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Ostracoda (4)
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Exopterygota
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Thysanoptera (1)
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-
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-
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Lichida (2)
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-
-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata (1)
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Inarticulata (1)
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Bryozoa (2)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (2)
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Tabulata (1)
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Hydrozoa (1)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (3)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (4)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (6)
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Goniatitida (1)
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Belemnitidae (4)
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-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
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Gastropoda (1)
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Porifera
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Calcarea
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Sphinctozoa (2)
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-
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (4)
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea (1)
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Radiolaria
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Spumellina (1)
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Silicoflagellata (2)
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Thecamoeba (1)
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Tintinnidae (1)
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Vermes
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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B-11/B-10 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (19)
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D/H (3)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (13)
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (5)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
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-
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land use (1)
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lava (3)
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lichens (2)
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lineation (1)
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magmas (17)
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Malay Archipelago
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Timor (1)
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mantle (33)
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maps (1)
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marine geology (1)
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Mediterranean region
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades (1)
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-
-
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Aegean Sea (1)
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Black Sea (2)
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-
-
Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Aptian
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lower Aptian (1)
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Berriasian (2)
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Neocomian (3)
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Valanginian (3)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (1)
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Coniacian (1)
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Senonian (1)
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Turonian (2)
-
-
-
Jurassic
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Bazhenov Formation (9)
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Lower Jurassic (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Callovian (3)
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-
Upper Jurassic
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Kimmeridgian (2)
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Oxfordian (2)
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Volgian (5)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian (1)
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Norian (1)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
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chromite ores (7)
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cobalt ores (2)
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copper ores (23)
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gold ores (33)
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iridium ores (1)
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lead ores (1)
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lead-zinc deposits (2)
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metals
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actinides
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plutonium
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Pu-240 (1)
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thorium (3)
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uranium (1)
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (2)
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lithium (1)
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potassium (3)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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sodium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium (4)
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magnesium (2)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
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Sr-90 (2)
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-
-
aluminum (1)
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arsenic (2)
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cadmium (1)
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chromium (7)
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cobalt (2)
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copper (6)
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gold (10)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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iron
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ferric iron (4)
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ferrous iron (2)
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lead (4)
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manganese (1)
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mercury (2)
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nickel (2)
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niobium (3)
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platinum group
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iridium (6)
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iridium ores (1)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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osmium ores (1)
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palladium (3)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum (5)
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platinum ores (12)
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precious metals (5)
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rare earths
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cerium (5)
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lanthanum (5)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
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scandium (1)
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terbium (1)
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yttrium (2)
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rhenium (4)
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silver (2)
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tin (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (5)
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eclogite (28)
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gneisses
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granite gneiss (2)
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orthogneiss (2)
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paragneiss (1)
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granulites (2)
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impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (2)
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-
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jadeitite (2)
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marbles
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ophicalcite (1)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasite (2)
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serpentinite (9)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metasomatic rocks
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greisen (1)
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rodingite (3)
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serpentinite (9)
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skarn (3)
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metavolcanic rocks (1)
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mylonites
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blastomylonite (3)
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quartzites
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ferruginous quartzite (1)
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schists
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biotite schist (1)
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blueschist (2)
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glaucophane schist (3)
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greenschist (1)
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-
-
metamorphism (54)
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metasomatism (27)
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meteorites
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stony meteorites
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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LL chondrites (2)
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Mexico (1)
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mica deposits (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (49)
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mineral exploration (19)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (3)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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helium (1)
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nodules (1)
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nonmetal deposits (5)
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North America
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Basin and Range Province (1)
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North American Craton (1)
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Northern Hemisphere (1)
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ocean floors (4)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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Fiji (1)
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New Caledonia (1)
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Polynesia
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French Polynesia
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Tuamotu Islands (2)
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oil and gas fields (15)
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orogeny (19)
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oxygen
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (13)
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-
Pacific Ocean
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South Pacific (1)
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (1)
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paleobotany (3)
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paleoclimatology (12)
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paleoecology (11)
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paleogeography (28)
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paleomagnetism (10)
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paleontology (7)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Tommotian (1)
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Upper Cambrian (5)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (3)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (5)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (3)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (2)
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Morrowan (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
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Atokan (1)
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Desmoinesian (1)
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Moscovian (1)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (2)
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Kasimovian (2)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
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Uralian (3)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (4)
-
Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (1)
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Givetian (2)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Domanik Formation (1)
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Famennian (2)
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Frasnian (1)
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Kellwasser event (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (10)
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Tremadocian (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
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Llandeilian (1)
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Llanvirnian (2)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (1)
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Caradocian (3)
-
-
-
Permian
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Guadalupian
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Capitanian (2)
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Roadian (4)
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Ufimian (2)
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Wordian (4)
-
-
Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (3)
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Asselian (2)
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Kungurian (6)
-
Sakmarian (4)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Upper Permian
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Kazanian (2)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (3)
-
Wuchiapingian (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
Tatarian (2)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (2)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic (6)
-
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palynology (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Chitinozoa (1)
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Dinoflagellata (7)
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miospores
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pollen (9)
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-
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paragenesis (13)
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permafrost (2)
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petroleum
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natural gas (14)
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petrology (5)
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Phanerozoic (1)
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phase equilibria (7)
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phosphate deposits (3)
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placers
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stream placers (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta (1)
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (2)
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Epiphyton (1)
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nannofossils (1)
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Rhodophyta (1)
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Betula (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Picea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (61)
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pollution (9)
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potash (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Neoarchean (2)
-
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic (3)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (1)
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Ediacaran (3)
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Riphean
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Taratash Complex (1)
-
upper Riphean (1)
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-
Tonian (1)
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Vendian (10)
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils (1)
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Pterobranchia (1)
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quartz crystal (4)
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reefs (6)
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remote sensing (2)
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reservoirs (1)
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sea water (3)
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sea-floor spreading (4)
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sea-level changes (12)
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sedimentary petrology (2)
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sedimentary rocks
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bauxite (1)
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carbonate rocks
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boundstone (2)
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limestone
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micrite (1)
-
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (2)
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evaporites
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salt (1)
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-
iron formations
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banded iron formations (1)
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-
phosphate rocks (3)
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weathering crust (3)
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-
clastic rocks
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black shale (3)
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claystone (2)
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conglomerate (1)
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graywacke (1)
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mudstone (4)
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sandstone (6)
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shale (3)
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siltstone (3)
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coal
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anthracite (1)
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bituminous coal (1)
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lignite (1)
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-
-
sedimentary structures
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biogenic structures
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algal structures
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soft sediment deformation
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sedimentation (7)
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sediments
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silt (2)
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marine sediments (7)
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peat (3)
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seismology (27)
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selenium (1)
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soils
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South America
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Andes
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Eastern Cordillera (1)
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Argentina (1)
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Brazil
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Minas Gerais Brazil (2)
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Colombia (2)
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spectroscopy
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stratigraphy (16)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (5)
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symposia (1)
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tectonics
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neotectonics (3)
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salt tectonics (3)
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tektites (2)
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thermal analysis (1)
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United States
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Alabama (1)
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Aleutian Islands
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New Jersey (1)
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Tennessee (1)
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Texas
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Thomas Range (1)
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Virginia (1)
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Western U.S. (1)
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USSR (68)
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waste disposal (2)
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West Pacific Ocean Islands
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Wake (1)
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X-ray analysis (3)
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rock formations
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New Red Sandstone (1)
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Siberian Traps (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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oolite (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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bauxite (1)
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carbonate rocks
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boundstone (2)
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limestone
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micrite (1)
-
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (2)
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
iron formations
-
banded iron formations (1)
-
-
phosphate rocks (3)
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weathering crust (3)
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-
clastic rocks
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black shale (3)
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claystone (2)
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conglomerate (1)
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eolianite (1)
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graywacke (1)
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mudstone (4)
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radiolarite (2)
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sandstone (6)
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shale (3)
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siltstone (3)
-
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coal
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anthracite (1)
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bituminous coal (1)
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lignite (1)
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-
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turbidite (1)
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volcaniclastics (1)
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-
sedimentary structures
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boudinage (1)
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channels (2)
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sedimentary structures
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biogenic structures
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algal structures
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algal mats (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF GYPSUM OF THE KUNGURIAN STAGE IN THE SOUTHERN CIS-URALS ( Lower Permian ) Available to Purchase
Horizontal Transverse Isotropy Studied Using Tools for Full-Azimuth Seismic Data Processing and an Advanced Well Logging Complex on the Example of Famennian Deposits of the Yugomashevskoye Field Available to Purchase
3D Seismic Density Models of the Earth’s Crust and Structural Diagrams of Tectonic Zoning of the Middle Urals Available to Purchase
Tectonic–Hydrothermal Processes and their Relationship with the Petroleum Potential of the Bazhenov-Abalak Complex of Western Siberia Available to Purchase
Strontioborite: revalidation as a mineral species and new data Available to Purchase
Typomorphic and Technological Characteristics of Quartz of the Mica-Pegmatite Formation on the Example of the Berkutinskaya Vein (South Urals) Available to Purchase
Water-Containing Defects in Variously Deformed Milky-White Vein Quartz of the Larino Deposit (South Urals) Available to Purchase
Upper Jurassic Sediments in the Western Side of the Frolovskoye Basin in West Siberia: Diverse Patterns and Environments of Deposition Available to Purchase
A neutron diffraction study of the hydrous borate inderborite, CaMg[B 3 O 3 (OH) 5 ] 2 (H 2 O) 4 ·2H 2 O Available to Purchase
Savelievaite, Mg 2 CrO 2 (BO 3 ), the first natural borate with species-defining Cr 3+ and the ludwigite–savelievaite isomorphous series Available to Purchase
U–Pb Age and Mineral Inclusions in Zircon from Diamondiferous Garnet–Pyroxene Rocks of the Kumdy-Kol Microdiamond Deposit in Northern Kazakhstan Available to Purchase
The mineralogy of the historical Mochalin Log REE deposit, South Urals, Russia. Part V. Zilbermintsite-(La), (CaLa 5 )(Fe 3+ Al 3 Fe 2+ )[Si 2 O 7 ][SiO 4 ] 5 O(OH) 3 , a new mineral with ET2 type structure and a definition of the radekškodaite group Available to Purchase
Sources of Ore Material in the Platinum-Group Element Deposits of Polar Siberia and the Middle Urals Based on the Data from Radiogenic (Re–Os, Pt–Os) and Stable (Cu, S) Isotopes Available to Purchase
Dmitryvarlamovite, Ti 2 (Fe 3+ Nb)O 8 , a new columbite-supergroup mineral related to the wolframite group Available to Purchase
Drivers of Global Mineral Demand: 1900–2050 Available to Purchase
Detecting and recovering critical mineral resource systems using broadband total-field airborne natural source audio frequency magnetotellurics measurements Open Access
On Magnitudes and Inferred Yields of the 39 Underground Nuclear Test Explosions at the Novaya Zemlya Test Site Available to Purchase
Mineral Associations of Concentrates from Gold-Bearing Placers of the Miass Placer Zone (South Urals) and Possible Primary Sources of Gold Available to Purchase
Timescale for the Kasimovian Stage Available to Purchase
Abstract The Kasimovian Stage is the lower stage of the Upper Pennsylvanian Subsystem, in which a series of considerable biotic and abiotic events happened and changed the Earth. The Variscan orogeny and the Late Paleozoic Glaciation are two major events that caused geographical isolation of marine faunas and difficulties for a global correlation of biostratigraphy. Regional timescales of the Kasimovian across major continents are reviewed here. A global correlation of the Kasimovian is tentatively established based on a detailed review of major fossil groups such as conodonts, fusulines and some macrofossils. The index taxon for the base of the Kasimovian Stage has not been selected. The conodont species Swadelina subexcelsa , Idiognathodus heckeli , I. turbatus and I. sagittalis have good potential. Among them, I . heckeli is considered the best marker for the base of the Kasimovian Stage because it can mark a bioevent in a wide geographical range, and more importantly, it has a clear taxonomic definition within a phylogenetic lineage. The fusuline Montiparus might be regarded as an auxiliary marker to define the base of the Kasimovian based on its wider distribution. Other proxies, i.e. isotopic dating and strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic stratigraphy throughout the Kasimovian, are also reviewed. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) candidates for the Kasimovian Stage include the Naqing section, South China, the Usolka section, South Urals and the Afanasievo section, Moscow Basin. The Naqing section is regarded as the most appropriate GSSP candidate in terms of its complete sedimentary succession, well-recorded conodont lineages and well-studied bio-, chemo- and cyclo-stratigraphy.
Ordovician of Kazakhstan Available to Purchase
Abstract A comprehensive review of the current state of research on Kazakh Ordovician litho-, bio- and chronostratigraphy is presented. An Ordovician lithostratigraphic framework applied to eight Kazakh first-order tectonic units is outlined and its correlation with the International Chronostratigraphic Scale is given. Presently used criteria for definition of the Kazakh Ordovician regional stages are critically discussed and revaluated. The archipelago model is considered as the most appropriate for reconstruction of the relative position of inferred Kazakh volcanic island arcs and microcontinents in the Ordovician Period. A biogeographical assessment of Kazakh Ordovician benthic faunas suggests strongest affinity to the contemporaneous faunas of Tarim, South and North China and to a lesser degree to the Australian sector of Gondwana, while biogeographical connections with Siberia and Baltica are negligible. During the Sandbian to Katian, a loose cluster of Kazakh microcontinents and island arcs became a major biodiversity hotspot and species pump located at low latitudes on both sides of the equator. Radiolarian cherts from accretionary complexes preserved an almost complete record of biogenic sedimentation for at least 30 Ma from the Furongian to Darriwilian, providing a unique opportunity to study biotas and environments in Ordovician oceans.