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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Mozambique (2)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Lebombo Mountains (2)
-
Limpopo Basin (2)
-
Limpopo Belt (5)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (56)
-
Botswana (3)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (32)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (7)
-
Lesotho (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (103)
-
Cape Province region (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (1)
-
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (1)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa
-
Johannesburg South Africa (1)
-
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (7)
-
Limpopo South Africa (4)
-
Merensky Reef (21)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (6)
-
Barberton South Africa (15)
-
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa (1)
-
Transvaal region (58)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Witwatersrand (4)
-
-
Swaziland (35)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Great Dyke (1)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Skaergaard Intrusion (1)
-
-
Svalbard (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia (2)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador (1)
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
Ontario
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Muskox Intrusion (1)
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Fennoscandian Shield (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland (2)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland
-
Hebrides
-
Inner Hebrides (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Jack Hills (1)
-
North America
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Superior (2)
-
-
-
United States
-
Minnesota
-
Duluth Complex (1)
-
-
-
-
commodities
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
barite deposits (2)
-
brines (2)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
diamond deposits (5)
-
fluorspar deposits (2)
-
heavy mineral deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
arsenic ores (2)
-
base metals (9)
-
chromite ores (16)
-
cobalt ores (1)
-
copper ores (9)
-
gold ores (13)
-
iron ores (7)
-
lead ores (1)
-
molybdenum ores (1)
-
nickel ores (10)
-
platinum ores (46)
-
polymetallic ores (3)
-
silver ores (1)
-
tin ores (4)
-
titanium ores (3)
-
uranium ores (3)
-
zinc ores (2)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (39)
-
mineral exploration (23)
-
placers
-
beach placers (1)
-
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
C-14 (1)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
chemical ratios (3)
-
halogens
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (1)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (3)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (24)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
-
D/H (3)
-
deuterium (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (5)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
-
W-182 (2)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (5)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium (1)
-
lithium (1)
-
potassium (1)
-
rubidium (1)
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium (2)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
-
-
-
antimony (3)
-
arsenic (3)
-
bismuth (1)
-
chromium
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
-
-
cobalt (3)
-
copper (3)
-
gold (1)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
-
lead (1)
-
manganese (1)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
nickel (6)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (4)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (3)
-
-
palladium (7)
-
platinum (8)
-
platinum ores (46)
-
rhodium (1)
-
ruthenium (1)
-
-
precious metals (4)
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
tantalum (1)
-
tin (1)
-
titanium (5)
-
tungsten
-
W-182 (2)
-
-
vanadium (1)
-
-
nitrogen
-
organic nitrogen (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (5)
-
-
trace metals (2)
-
-
fossils
-
cyanobacteria (1)
-
ichnofossils (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Branchiopoda (1)
-
-
-
-
-
microfossils (2)
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
-
Plantae
-
algae (1)
-
Spermatophyta
-
Gymnospermae
-
Glossopteridales (1)
-
-
-
-
prokaryotes (1)
-
thallophytes (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (1)
-
Ar/Ar (3)
-
K/Ar (1)
-
Lu/Hf (5)
-
paleomagnetism (5)
-
Pb/Pb (8)
-
Rb/Sr (7)
-
Re/Os (1)
-
Sm/Nd (4)
-
U/Pb (22)
-
U/Th/Pb (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (2)
-
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous (2)
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
Vryheid Formation (6)
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Fig Tree Group (10)
-
Kromberg Formation (2)
-
Mesoarchean (11)
-
Neoarchean (9)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (2)
-
-
Swaziland Supergroup (2)
-
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (1)
-
Hadean (3)
-
Onverwacht Group (18)
-
Pongola Supergroup (5)
-
Stillwater Complex (2)
-
Swaziland Sequence (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (17)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Malmani Subgroup (4)
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Rooiberg Group (8)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (15)
-
-
Pretoria Group (2)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (2)
-
Waterberg System (2)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (3)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
granophyre (2)
-
kimberlite (5)
-
peperite (2)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (8)
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites
-
ferrodiorite (2)
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (1)
-
-
trondhjemite (6)
-
-
gabbros
-
microgabbro (1)
-
norite (8)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (2)
-
charnockite (1)
-
felsite (1)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
microgranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (3)
-
pegmatite (10)
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (27)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (11)
-
harzburgite (7)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
orthopyroxenite (4)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (2)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
-
dacites (1)
-
komatiite (11)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic ash (1)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (3)
-
eclogite (1)
-
gneisses
-
orthogneiss (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
marbles (3)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (2)
-
metagranite (1)
-
metakomatiite (2)
-
metatuff (2)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (4)
-
migmatites (1)
-
schists
-
greenstone (6)
-
-
-
turbidite (3)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys (5)
-
antimonates (1)
-
antimonides (2)
-
arsenides
-
sperrylite (7)
-
-
bismuthides
-
froodite (1)
-
michenerite (3)
-
-
carbonates
-
calcite (3)
-
dolomite (1)
-
magnesite (1)
-
siderite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (2)
-
-
-
minerals (13)
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
oxalates (1)
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (3)
-
cassiterite (3)
-
chrome spinel (3)
-
chromite (10)
-
goethite (3)
-
hematite (5)
-
hydroxides (2)
-
ilmenite (4)
-
iron oxides (6)
-
magnetite (16)
-
perovskite (1)
-
pitchblende (1)
-
rutile (1)
-
spinel (1)
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
titanomagnetite (2)
-
trevorite (5)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (1)
-
monazite (4)
-
-
platinum minerals (13)
-
silicates
-
asbestos (1)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (2)
-
hornblende (3)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
pigeonite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar (1)
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (8)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (7)
-
olivine group
-
forsterite (3)
-
olivine (1)
-
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (15)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
melilite group
-
melilite (1)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
tourmaline group (3)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (2)
-
smectite (1)
-
-
illite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (4)
-
glauconite (1)
-
lepidolite (1)
-
muscovite (3)
-
phlogopite (3)
-
-
serpentine group
-
chrysotile (2)
-
serpentine (2)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
gypsum (1)
-
jarosite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
chalcopyrite (4)
-
cooperite (2)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
laurite (3)
-
millerite (1)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
pentlandite (5)
-
pyrite (4)
-
pyrrhotite (6)
-
troilite (1)
-
-
tellurides
-
altaite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (43)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Mozambique (2)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Lebombo Mountains (2)
-
Limpopo Basin (2)
-
Limpopo Belt (5)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (56)
-
Botswana (3)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (32)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (7)
-
Lesotho (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (103)
-
Cape Province region (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (1)
-
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (1)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa
-
Johannesburg South Africa (1)
-
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (7)
-
Limpopo South Africa (4)
-
Merensky Reef (21)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (6)
-
Barberton South Africa (15)
-
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa (1)
-
Transvaal region (58)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Witwatersrand (4)
-
-
Swaziland (35)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Great Dyke (1)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Skaergaard Intrusion (1)
-
-
Svalbard (1)
-
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
Asia
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
asteroids (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia (2)
-
-
-
barite deposits (2)
-
brines (2)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador (1)
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
Ontario
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Muskox Intrusion (1)
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
C-14 (1)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (2)
-
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
chemical analysis (3)
-
clay mineralogy (2)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
core (1)
-
crust (22)
-
crystal chemistry (8)
-
crystal growth (4)
-
crystal structure (3)
-
data processing (3)
-
deformation (8)
-
diagenesis (4)
-
diamond deposits (5)
-
Earth (1)
-
earthquakes (2)
-
economic geology (30)
-
Europe
-
Fennoscandian Shield (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland (2)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland
-
Hebrides
-
Inner Hebrides (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
faults (15)
-
fluorspar deposits (2)
-
folds (10)
-
foliation (2)
-
fractures (4)
-
geochemistry (35)
-
geochronology (7)
-
geomorphology (4)
-
geophysical methods (8)
-
ground water (5)
-
heat flow (3)
-
heavy mineral deposits (1)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (3)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
hydrology (1)
-
ichnofossils (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
granophyre (2)
-
kimberlite (5)
-
peperite (2)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (8)
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites
-
ferrodiorite (2)
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (1)
-
-
trondhjemite (6)
-
-
gabbros
-
microgabbro (1)
-
norite (8)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (2)
-
charnockite (1)
-
felsite (1)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
microgranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (3)
-
pegmatite (10)
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (27)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (11)
-
harzburgite (7)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
orthopyroxenite (4)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (2)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Uncovering the southern Bushveld Complex, using reflection seismic and gravity data Available to Purchase
Colloidal gold dispersions in orogenic gold from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa Available to Purchase
The Petrogenesis of the Lower Critical Zone and Lower Group Chromitites, Eastern Bushveld Complex: Incremental Development of Igneous Layering and Injection of Chromite Slurries Available to Purchase
Origin of Chromitite-Anorthosite Interlayering in the Bushveld Complex Available to Purchase
A High-Resolution Geochemical and Petrological Investigation of Bifurcating Chromitite Layers of the UG1 Footwall at Impala Platinum Mine, Rustenburg Available to Purchase
Using Sulfide Mineral Chemistry to Understand PGE Mineralization Processes in the Platreef, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa Available to Purchase
Petrogenesis of Discordant Ultramafic Bodies in the Lower Critical Zone at the Winterveld Chromite Mine, Eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Late-Magmatic Intrusions and Dismembering of the LG6 Chromitite Available to Purchase
Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: 300 m.y. development of a Paleoarchean stagnant lid Open Access
A Review of the geological history of the Evander Basin with new insights into the deposition of the Kimberley Formation Available to Purchase
In situ Pb–Pb garnet geochronology as a tool for investigating polymetamorphism: a case for Paleoarchean lateral tectonic thickening Open Access
Abstract The Barberton Granite–Greenstone Belt remains a key location in the debate concerning the nature of Archean tectonic processes. Much work has focused on deciphering the tectonic significance of the c. 3.23 Ga metamorphism, as this has been correlated with lower geothermal gradient conditions potentially indicating Archean subduction. However, several studies also found evidence of an earlier, 3.45 Ga metamorphic episode, overprinted by the 3.23 Ga event. Here we apply in situ Pb–Pb dating and P–T modelling to a large (3 cm diameter) garnet crystal, allowing for the direct dating of the metamorphic conditions obtained from the garnet. The garnet core produced an isochron age of 3435 ± 45 Ma, corresponding to an increase in P and T evolution reaching peak conditions of at least 7 kbar and 700°C. Analyses obtained from the garnet rim give an isochron age of 3245 ± 41 Ma, corresponding to P–T conditions reaching 8–9 kbar and 700°C. The preservation of two moderate- to high-pressure events occurring 200 million years apart is consistent with lateral tectonic processes producing crustal thickening at 3.2 Ga and may also be a viable process for the earlier event.