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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (2)
-
Congo (2)
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (2)
-
Kenya (1)
-
Mozambique (1)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (6)
-
Karoo Basin (11)
-
Lesotho (40)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape fold belt (3)
-
Cape Province region (4)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (4)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (6)
-
-
Klerksdorp Field (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (4)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
Witwatersrand (2)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benin (1)
-
Gambia (1)
-
Ghana (1)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Ivory Coast (1)
-
Liberia (1)
-
Mali (1)
-
Mauritania (1)
-
Niger (1)
-
Nigeria (2)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Dolomites (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria (1)
-
Hungary (1)
-
Switzerland (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
France (1)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (2)
-
Mauritius (1)
-
-
United States
-
Arizona (1)
-
-
-
commodities
-
aggregate (1)
-
construction materials (1)
-
diamond deposits (2)
-
metal ores
-
gold ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
chemical ratios (1)
-
halogens
-
chlorine
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
-
-
isotope ratios (2)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Os-187/Os-186 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Os-187/Os-186 (1)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
lithium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
chromium (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-187/Os-186 (1)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
-
-
rare earths (7)
-
titanium (1)
-
-
phosphorus (1)
-
-
fossils
-
burrows (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (2)
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia (3)
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia (3)
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda (2)
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
Thecodontia
-
Aetosauria (1)
-
-
-
Lepidosauria (1)
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (5)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ichnofossils (4)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (1)
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
-
microfossils (1)
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (1)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
Bryophyta (1)
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida (1)
-
Sphenopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae (1)
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (2)
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Glossopteridales
-
Glossopteris (1)
-
-
-
-
-
tracks (2)
-
trails (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (1)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
Pb/Pb (1)
-
Rb/Sr (2)
-
Re/Os (1)
-
U/Pb (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (1)
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Upper Cretaceous (1)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (7)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (2)
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (2)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Molteno Formation (9)
-
Stormberg Series (5)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous (1)
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (2)
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kimberlite (14)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (1)
-
diorites
-
tonalite (1)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (1)
-
eclogite (3)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses (1)
-
impactites (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
quartzites (1)
-
schists
-
greenstone (2)
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (1)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (1)
-
-
-
minerals (5)
-
native elements
-
diamond (2)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (2)
-
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
hematite (1)
-
ilmenite (4)
-
magnesioferrite (1)
-
magnetite (1)
-
perovskite (1)
-
rutile (1)
-
spinel (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
monazite (1)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
orthoamphibole
-
holmquistite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
spodumene (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
microcline (1)
-
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (4)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (3)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
phlogopite (2)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (6)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (2)
-
Congo (2)
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (2)
-
Kenya (1)
-
Mozambique (1)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (6)
-
Karoo Basin (11)
-
Lesotho (40)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape fold belt (3)
-
Cape Province region (4)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (4)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (6)
-
-
Klerksdorp Field (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (4)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
Witwatersrand (2)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benin (1)
-
Gambia (1)
-
Ghana (1)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Ivory Coast (1)
-
Liberia (1)
-
Mali (1)
-
Mauritania (1)
-
Niger (1)
-
Nigeria (2)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
-
biogeography (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (1)
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (2)
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia (3)
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia (3)
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda (2)
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
Thecodontia
-
Aetosauria (1)
-
-
-
Lepidosauria (1)
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (5)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
construction materials (1)
-
continental drift (1)
-
crust (2)
-
crystal chemistry (3)
-
crystal structure (2)
-
dams (3)
-
deformation (3)
-
diamond deposits (2)
-
earthquakes (1)
-
economic geology (1)
-
engineering geology (1)
-
epeirogeny (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Dolomites (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria (1)
-
Hungary (1)
-
Switzerland (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
France (1)
-
-
-
faults (2)
-
foundations (1)
-
fractures (1)
-
geochemistry (5)
-
geochronology (1)
-
geomorphology (1)
-
geophysical methods (1)
-
ichnofossils (4)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kimberlite (14)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (1)
-
diorites
-
tonalite (1)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (2)
-
Mauritius (1)
-
-
intrusions (8)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (1)
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Os-187/Os-186 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Os-187/Os-186 (1)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
lava (3)
-
magmas (6)
-
mantle (5)
-
maps (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Upper Cretaceous (1)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (7)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (2)
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (2)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Molteno Formation (9)
-
Stormberg Series (5)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
-
gold ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
lithium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
chromium (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-187/Os-186 (1)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
-
-
rare earths (7)
-
titanium (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (1)
-
eclogite (3)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses (1)
-
impactites (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
quartzites (1)
-
schists
-
greenstone (2)
-
-
-
metamorphism (5)
-
metasomatism (4)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
mineralogy (4)
-
minerals (5)
-
orogeny (2)
-
paleobotany (1)
-
paleoclimatology (3)
-
paleoecology (6)
-
paleogeography (4)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
paleontology (5)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous (1)
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (2)
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (1)
-
-
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
petrology (7)
-
phase equilibria (3)
-
phosphorus (1)
-
Plantae
-
Bryophyta (1)
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida (1)
-
Sphenopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae (1)
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (2)
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Glossopteridales
-
Glossopteris (1)
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (3)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
reservoirs (1)
-
rock mechanics (4)
-
sedimentary petrology (2)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
sublitharenite (1)
-
-
argillite (2)
-
conglomerate
-
quartz-pebble conglomerate (1)
-
-
mudstone (2)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (6)
-
subarkose (1)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
-
bioturbation (1)
-
lebensspuren (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
cross-bedding (1)
-
cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation (1)
-
-
sedimentation (6)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
boulders (1)
-
gravel (1)
-
pebbles (1)
-
-
-
seismology (2)
-
slope stability (1)
-
spectroscopy (1)
-
stratigraphy (5)
-
structural analysis (3)
-
structural geology (1)
-
tectonics (3)
-
tectonophysics (1)
-
tunnels (2)
-
United States
-
Arizona (1)
-
-
-
rock formations
-
Beaufort Group (5)
-
Elliot Formation (12)
-
Karoo Supergroup (8)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
sedimentary rocks
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
sublitharenite (1)
-
-
argillite (2)
-
conglomerate
-
quartz-pebble conglomerate (1)
-
-
mudstone (2)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (6)
-
subarkose (1)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
burrows (1)
-
casts (1)
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
-
bioturbation (1)
-
lebensspuren (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
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Life and land engulfed in the late Early Jurassic Karoo lavas of southern Gondwana
MAPPING BASUTOLAND: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GEOLOGISTS GORDON MURRAY STOCKLEY AND ALEXANDER LOGIE DU TOIT (1938–1946)
Stratigraphy of late Quaternary mountain slope landforms and deposits in southern Africa and their significance for the dynamics of mountain sediment systems
Chronostratigraphic palaeo-climate phasing based on southern African wetlands: From the escarpment to the eastern seaboard
ABSTRACT Finite deformation patterns of accessory phases can indicate the tectonic regime and deformation history of the host rocks and geological units. In this study, tectonically deformed, seismically deformed, and shocked zircon grains from a granite sample from the core of the Vredefort impact structure were analyzed in situ, using a combination of Raman spectroscopy, backscatter electron (BSE) imaging, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping, electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) qualitative chemical mapping, and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. We aimed to reveal the effects of marginal grain-size reduction, planar deformation bands (PDBs), and shock microtwins on the crystal structure and microchemistry of zircon. Deformation patterns such as PDBs, microtwins, and subgrains did not show any significant effect on zircon crystallinity/metamictization degree or on the CL signature. However, the ratio of Raman band intensities B 1g (1008 cm –1 ) to E g (356 cm –1 ) slightly decreased within domains with low misorientation. The ratio values were affected in shocked grains, particularly in twinned domains with high misorientation. B 1g /E g ratio mapping combined with metamictization degree mapping (full width at half maximum of B 1g peak) suggest the presence of shock deformation features in zircon; however, due to the lower spatial resolution of the method, they must be used in combination with the EBSD technique. Additionally, we discovered anatase, quartz, goethite, calcite, and hematite micro-inclusions in the studied zircon grains, with quartz and anatase specifically being associated with strongly deformed domains of shocked zircon crystals.