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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Mozambique (1)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (3)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Kalahari Desert (3)
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (4)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (48)
-
Lesotho (3)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Namibia (2)
-
Orange River (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape fold belt (13)
-
Cape Province region (12)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (2)
-
Molteno South Africa (1)
-
Port Elizabeth South Africa (5)
-
-
Free State South Africa (6)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Durban South Africa (2)
-
Zululand (1)
-
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa
-
Knysna South Africa (1)
-
-
Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (2)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Victoria Land (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Agulhas Bank (1)
-
West Indian Ocean (1)
-
-
South America
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
-
Table Mountain (1)
-
-
commodities
-
aggregate (1)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
metal ores
-
copper ores (2)
-
gold ores (1)
-
iridium ores (1)
-
nickel ores (4)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (3)
-
mineral exploration (3)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (7)
-
-
-
water resources (1)
-
zeolite deposits (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
-
chemical ratios (2)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
isotope ratios (8)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (2)
-
Be-10 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
D/H (2)
-
N-15 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (2)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
platinum group
-
iridium ores (1)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
europium (1)
-
holmium (1)
-
lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium (1)
-
samarium (1)
-
terbium (1)
-
ytterbium (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15 (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
-
burrows (4)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia (1)
-
-
Mammalia (1)
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida (1)
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (2)
-
Dicynodontia
-
Lystrosaurus (6)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ichnofossils (8)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
Insecta (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
-
Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Discocyclina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
-
microfossils (10)
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
-
Plantae
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (1)
-
Glossopteridales
-
Gangamopteris (1)
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils (1)
-
tracks (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (1)
-
K/Ar (1)
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (2)
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Sm/Nd (1)
-
U/Pb (5)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene (2)
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upper Quaternary (1)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene (2)
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Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
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Pliensbachian (1)
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (9)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Stormberg Series (2)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (3)
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (1)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (1)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (2)
-
Ordovician (1)
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (10)
-
Lower Permian (3)
-
Middle Permian (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (9)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (2)
-
Whitehill Formation (3)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (8)
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
-
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
picrite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (5)
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites (2)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
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-
glasses (1)
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pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks (1)
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turbidite (2)
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minerals
-
minerals (2)
-
oxides
-
chromite (1)
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ilmenite (3)
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perovskite (1)
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spinel (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
pigeonite (1)
-
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orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
microcline (1)
-
-
plagioclase (3)
-
-
zeolite group (1)
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
olivine group
-
olivine (2)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (5)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
mica group
-
phlogopite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
-
pyrite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (7)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Mozambique (1)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (3)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Kalahari Desert (3)
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (4)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (48)
-
Lesotho (3)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Namibia (2)
-
Orange River (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape fold belt (13)
-
Cape Province region (12)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (2)
-
Molteno South Africa (1)
-
Port Elizabeth South Africa (5)
-
-
Free State South Africa (6)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Durban South Africa (2)
-
Zululand (1)
-
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa
-
Knysna South Africa (1)
-
-
Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (2)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Victoria Land (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
-
biogeography (3)
-
carbon
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene (2)
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (2)
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene (1)
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia (1)
-
-
Mammalia (1)
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida (1)
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (2)
-
Dicynodontia
-
Lystrosaurus (6)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
climate change (3)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
continental drift (1)
-
crust (3)
-
crystal structure (1)
-
data processing (2)
-
deformation (1)
-
diagenesis (5)
-
earthquakes (5)
-
economic geology (3)
-
faults (9)
-
folds (3)
-
fractures (1)
-
geochemistry (17)
-
geochronology (2)
-
geomorphology (2)
-
geophysical methods (4)
-
glacial geology (3)
-
government agencies
-
survey organizations (1)
-
-
ground water (6)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
hydrology (1)
-
ichnofossils (8)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
picrite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (5)
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites (2)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
-
glasses (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Agulhas Bank (1)
-
West Indian Ocean (1)
-
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
intrusions (11)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
Insecta (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
-
Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Discocyclina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (2)
-
Be-10 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
D/H (2)
-
N-15 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
lava (1)
-
magmas (11)
-
mantle (1)
-
maps (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (9)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Stormberg Series (2)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
-
copper ores (2)
-
gold ores (1)
-
iridium ores (1)
-
nickel ores (4)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (2)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
platinum group
-
iridium ores (1)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
europium (1)
-
holmium (1)
-
lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium (1)
-
samarium (1)
-
terbium (1)
-
ytterbium (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks (1)
-
metamorphism (5)
-
metasomatism (2)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (3)
-
mineral exploration (3)
-
minerals (2)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (1)
-
mud volcanoes (1)
-
nitrogen
-
N-15 (1)
-
-
nuclear facilities (3)
-
ocean floors (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
paleoclimatology (6)
-
paleoecology (9)
-
paleogeography (5)
-
paleomagnetism (2)
-
paleontology (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (3)
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (1)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (1)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (2)
-
Ordovician (1)
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (10)
-
Lower Permian (3)
-
Middle Permian (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (9)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (2)
-
Whitehill Formation (3)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (8)
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (7)
-
-
-
petrology (4)
-
phase equilibria (3)
-
Plantae
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (1)
-
Glossopteridales
-
Gangamopteris (1)
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (3)
-
pollution (5)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
-
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
-
problematic fossils (1)
-
reefs (1)
-
sea-level changes (1)
-
sedimentary petrology (3)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
duricrust (1)
-
silcrete (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
quartz arenite (1)
-
-
black shale (3)
-
conglomerate (3)
-
diamictite (2)
-
mudstone (5)
-
sandstone (10)
-
shale (3)
-
siltstone (5)
-
tillite (1)
-
-
coal
-
lignite (2)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (2)
-
cross-bedding (1)
-
laminations (1)
-
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (3)
-
-
-
sedimentation (10)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
boulders (1)
-
gravel (1)
-
mud (1)
-
sand (1)
-
-
-
shorelines (1)
-
soils (1)
-
South America
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
-
springs (3)
-
stratigraphy (2)
-
structural analysis (2)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (3)
-
-
thermal waters (1)
-
waste disposal (1)
-
water resources (1)
-
weathering (4)
-
-
rock formations
-
Beaufort Group (17)
-
Elliot Formation (4)
-
Karoo Supergroup (23)
-
Table Mountain Group (4)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
laminite (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
duricrust (1)
-
silcrete (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
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Silicified fossil woods from the Late Permian Middleton Formation, Beaufort Group, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and their palaeoenvironmental significance
Spatial variations of sills and implications for magma dispersal across the Karoo basin
Pillow Talk: Volcanic rocks of the Karoo that formed many leagues under the Gondwanan Sea
Calcic Vertisols in the upper Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa: Implications for Late Permian Climate
Shale gas potential of the Prince Albert Formation: A preliminary study
Lithostratigraphy of the Prince Albert Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup)
TESTING THE DAPTOCEPHALUS AND LYSTROSAURUS ASSEMBLAGE ZONES IN A LITHOSTRATOGRAPHIC, MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC, AND PALYNOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICA
Case study: methane gas in a groundwater system located in a dolerite ring structure in the Karoo Basin; South Africa
Palynostratigraphic correlation of the Springbok Flats coalfield to other coal-bearing successions in the Karoo basins of southern Africa
Detrital zircon in sandstones from the Palaeoproterozoic Waterberg and Nylstroom basins, South Africa: Provenance and recycling
Abstract The Eastern Cape Karoo region is water stressed and will become increasingly so with further climate change. Effective and reliable groundwater management is crucial for a development such as the proposed hydraulic fracturing for shale gas. This is especially critical across this region of agriculture and protected ecosystem services. The research, as part of baseline data gathering, aims to characterize the hydrochemistry for both the shallow groundwater (<500 m) and saline groundwater closer to the c. 2–5 km deep shale gas. The classification will be used to determine possible vertical hydraulic connectivity between the shallow and deep aquifers, prior to anticipated hydraulic fracturing. This paper reports on the baseline framework that includes the sampling design and a hydrocensus with field-recorded parameters shown as interpolated maps. This includes electrical conductivity, groundwater level and borehole yield. Together with completed sampling results, these data provide a record against which the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing and the reinjection of production water can be determined. The research is a critical first step towards the successful governance of groundwater in light of proposed shale gas development in the Karoo. In its absence, effective regulation of the sector will not be effective.