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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Afar (1)
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cabinda Angola (1)
-
-
Central African Republic (3)
-
Congo (4)
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Gabon (3)
-
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Ethiopia (6)
-
Ethiopian Rift (1)
-
Kenya (5)
-
Malawi (2)
-
Mozambique (12)
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Sudan (1)
-
Tanzania (6)
-
Uganda (4)
-
Zambia (4)
-
-
East African Rift (11)
-
Kalahari Desert (33)
-
Lebombo Mountains (1)
-
Limpopo Basin (9)
-
Limpopo Belt (29)
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
Mozambique Belt (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Egypt
-
Nile Delta (1)
-
-
Libya (1)
-
Morocco
-
Rif
-
Beni Bouchera (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahara (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (29)
-
Botswana
-
Okavango Delta (2)
-
-
Gariep Belt (11)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (130)
-
Kalahari Craton (11)
-
Karoo Basin (214)
-
Lesotho (49)
-
Namaqualand (66)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (38)
-
Namibia
-
Luderitz Namibia (2)
-
-
Orange River (27)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (230)
-
Cape fold belt (41)
-
Cape Province region (154)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (17)
-
Molteno South Africa (1)
-
Port Elizabeth South Africa (5)
-
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (61)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa
-
Johannesburg South Africa (18)
-
Pretoria South Africa (8)
-
Swartkrans Cave (2)
-
-
Klerksdorp Field (11)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Durban South Africa (3)
-
Zululand (1)
-
-
Limpopo South Africa (4)
-
Merensky Reef (60)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (9)
-
Barberton South Africa (3)
-
-
Murchison greenstone belt (5)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (28)
-
Postmasburg South Africa (12)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa
-
Ventersdorp South Africa (7)
-
-
Sutherland South Africa (6)
-
Transvaal region (303)
-
Vaal River (7)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa
-
Knysna South Africa (1)
-
Langebaanweg South Africa (5)
-
-
Witwatersrand (134)
-
-
Swaziland (13)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (2)
-
Great Dyke (5)
-
Kariba Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benin (3)
-
Cameroon (2)
-
Chad (1)
-
Gambia (1)
-
Ghana (5)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Ivory Coast (3)
-
Liberia (2)
-
Mali (2)
-
Mauritania (2)
-
Niger (2)
-
Nigeria (4)
-
Sierra Leone (2)
-
Togo (1)
-
-
Zambezi Valley (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (11)
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Queen Maud Land (2)
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Pensacola Mountains
-
Dufek Intrusion (1)
-
-
-
Victoria Land (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Norwegian Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Ilimaussaq (1)
-
Skaergaard Intrusion (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
Saudi Arabia (2)
-
Yemen (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Henan China (1)
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Xinjiang China (1)
-
Xizang China (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Billiton (1)
-
Krakatoa (1)
-
Sumatra (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Hida metamorphic belt (1)
-
-
-
Laos (1)
-
Mongolia (1)
-
Thailand (1)
-
Vietnam (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (2)
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
Karnataka India
-
Mysore India (1)
-
-
-
Pakistan (2)
-
-
Indus River (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
Norilsk Russian Federation (2)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus (1)
-
Iran (1)
-
Syria (1)
-
Turkey (2)
-
-
Siberia (3)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
Mir Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Irish Sea (1)
-
North Sea
-
Viking Graben (1)
-
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Cape Basin (8)
-
Falkland Plateau (1)
-
Santos Basin (1)
-
Southeast Atlantic (4)
-
Walvis Ridge (2)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Falkland Islands (2)
-
South Sandwich Islands (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Tennant Creek Australia (1)
-
-
Queensland Australia
-
Cape York Peninsula (1)
-
Mount Isa Australia (1)
-
-
South Australia (1)
-
Tasmania Australia
-
Tasmania Basin (1)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Argyle Mine (1)
-
Hamersley Basin (5)
-
Pilbara (1)
-
Pilbara Craton (6)
-
Yilgarn Craton (2)
-
-
-
New Zealand (4)
-
-
Bowen Basin (1)
-
Broken Hill Mine (6)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (2)
-
Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Nain Massif (1)
-
Voisey's Bay Deposit (3)
-
-
Newfoundland (3)
-
-
Ontario
-
Algoma District Ontario
-
Blind River Ontario (1)
-
Elliot Lake Ontario (1)
-
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Timmins Ontario (1)
-
-
Sudbury igneous complex (3)
-
Sudbury Structure (1)
-
Timiskaming District Ontario
-
Cobalt Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Oka Complex (1)
-
-
-
Muskox Intrusion (2)
-
Nunavut (1)
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia (2)
-
Manitoba (2)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Lac de Gras (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (2)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Virgin Islands
-
U. S. Virgin Islands
-
Saint Croix (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Central America
-
Guatemala (1)
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Central Urals (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
Norilsk Russian Federation (2)
-
-
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Khibiny Mountains (1)
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Saratov Russian Federation (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
Mir Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
Udachnaya Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine
-
Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
-
Krivoy Rog Ukraine (1)
-
-
-
Urals
-
Central Urals (1)
-
Southern Urals (2)
-
-
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii (1)
-
-
Eurasia (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Dolomites (1)
-
-
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Central Europe
-
Austria (3)
-
Czech Republic
-
Bohemia (1)
-
-
Germany (3)
-
Hungary (1)
-
Poland (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Switzerland (2)
-
-
Fennoscandian Shield (2)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Khibiny Mountains (1)
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Saratov Russian Federation (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Ebro Basin (1)
-
-
-
Italy (3)
-
Romania
-
Transylvania
-
Bihor Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Yugoslavia (1)
-
-
Tauern Window (1)
-
Ukraine
-
Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
-
Krivoy Rog Ukraine (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Corsica (1)
-
-
Iceland (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland
-
North Karelia Finland
-
Outokumpu Finland (1)
-
-
-
Norway
-
Rogaland Norway (1)
-
Southern Norway (1)
-
-
Sweden
-
Norrbotten Sweden
-
Kiruna Sweden (1)
-
-
-
Western Gneiss region (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Dorset England (1)
-
Yorkshire England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Hebrides
-
Inner Hebrides
-
Isle of Skye (1)
-
Rhum (2)
-
-
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Inverness-shire Scotland
-
Isle of Skye (1)
-
Rhum (2)
-
-
-
-
Wales (2)
-
-
-
-
-
False Bay (6)
-
Galilee Basin (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Agulhas Bank (7)
-
Mid-Indian Ridge (1)
-
West Indian Ocean (3)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
Mauritius (1)
-
-
Jack Hills (1)
-
Kerguelen Plateau (1)
-
Kimberley Basin (2)
-
Mediterranean region (2)
-
Mexico
-
Sierra Madre Oriental (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (1)
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (2)
-
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Superior (2)
-
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Western Interior (1)
-
-
North Island (1)
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (2)
-
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii (1)
-
-
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
East Pacific Rise (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Mid-Pacific Mountains (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
-
-
Perth Basin (1)
-
Russian Platform (1)
-
Scotia Sea Islands
-
South Sandwich Islands (1)
-
-
Sierra Nevada (1)
-
Solomon Islands (1)
-
South America
-
Andes (1)
-
Argentina
-
Buenos Aires Argentina (1)
-
Neuquen Basin (2)
-
-
Brazil
-
Brazilian Shield (1)
-
Goias Brazil (1)
-
Minas Gerais Brazil
-
Pocos de Caldas Brazil (1)
-
Quadrilatero Ferrifero (1)
-
-
Para Brazil
-
Carajas mineral province (1)
-
-
Ribeira Belt (1)
-
Santa Catarina Brazil (1)
-
Sao Francisco Craton (1)
-
-
Chile (1)
-
Colombia (1)
-
Dom Feliciano Belt (1)
-
Falkland Islands (2)
-
Parana Basin (3)
-
Patagonia (2)
-
Peru (2)
-
Venezuela (2)
-
-
Southern Hemisphere (3)
-
Southern Ocean
-
Weddell Sea (1)
-
-
Sydney Basin (1)
-
Table Mountain (2)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Fairbanks District (1)
-
Nunivak Island (1)
-
-
Arizona
-
Yavapai County Arizona (1)
-
-
Arkansas
-
Garland County Arkansas (1)
-
-
California
-
Monterey County California
-
Parkfield California (2)
-
-
-
Colorado
-
Weld County Colorado (1)
-
-
Colorado Plateau (3)
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Florida (1)
-
Hawaii (1)
-
Illinois (1)
-
Kansas (1)
-
Massachusetts (1)
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula
-
Ontonagon County Michigan (1)
-
-
-
Minnesota
-
Duluth Complex (1)
-
-
Montana (3)
-
Navajo Indian Reservation (1)
-
Nebraska (1)
-
Nevada
-
Nye County Nevada (1)
-
-
New Mexico
-
Dona Ana County New Mexico (1)
-
Jornada del Muerto (1)
-
Sierra County New Mexico (1)
-
-
North Carolina (1)
-
Ohio (2)
-
Oklahoma (4)
-
Oregon (1)
-
Pennsylvania (3)
-
South Carolina (1)
-
Texas (7)
-
Utah (2)
-
West Virginia (1)
-
Western U.S. (1)
-
Wyoming (1)
-
Yellowstone National Park (1)
-
-
USSR (5)
-
White Pine Mine (1)
-
-
commodities
-
aggregate (2)
-
andalusite deposits (1)
-
asbestos deposits (4)
-
barite deposits (3)
-
bitumens (5)
-
brines (5)
-
ceramic materials (2)
-
clay deposits (1)
-
coal deposits (5)
-
construction materials
-
building stone (1)
-
dimension stone (1)
-
-
diamond deposits (46)
-
energy sources (7)
-
feldspar deposits (2)
-
fluorspar deposits (1)
-
gems (10)
-
geothermal energy (1)
-
glass materials (2)
-
granite deposits (1)
-
gravel deposits (2)
-
heavy mineral deposits (5)
-
industrial minerals (6)
-
kaolin deposits (2)
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (3)
-
arsenic ores (4)
-
base metals (29)
-
beryllium ores (1)
-
bismuth ores (2)
-
chromite ores (27)
-
cobalt ores (4)
-
copper ores (57)
-
gold ores (138)
-
iridium ores (1)
-
iron ores (23)
-
lead ores (23)
-
lead-zinc deposits (14)
-
manganese ores (44)
-
molybdenum ores (4)
-
nickel ores (28)
-
niobium ores (1)
-
palladium ores (2)
-
platinum ores (97)
-
polymetallic ores (8)
-
pyrite ores (2)
-
rare earth deposits (3)
-
silver ores (14)
-
tantalum ores (1)
-
thorium ores (2)
-
tin ores (12)
-
titanium ores (7)
-
tungsten ores (6)
-
uranium ores (43)
-
vanadium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (30)
-
zirconium ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (232)
-
mineral exploration (94)
-
mineral resources (15)
-
monazite deposits (2)
-
nonmetal deposits (1)
-
oil and gas fields (7)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (13)
-
-
-
phosphate deposits (3)
-
placers
-
stream placers (1)
-
-
sand deposits (1)
-
strategic minerals (1)
-
water resources (10)
-
zeolite deposits (1)
-
zircon deposits (2)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
-
C-13 (3)
-
C-13/C-12 (42)
-
C-14 (4)
-
organic carbon (6)
-
-
chemical ratios (17)
-
halogens
-
bromine (1)
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (2)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
-
fluorine
-
fluoride ion (1)
-
-
iodine (1)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (15)
-
deuterium (4)
-
tritium (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (110)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (3)
-
Be-10 (7)
-
C-14 (4)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Os-187/Os-186 (3)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
tritium (1)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (2)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13 (3)
-
C-13/C-12 (42)
-
D/H (15)
-
deuterium (4)
-
He-3 (4)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
N-15 (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
-
Ne-21 (3)
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (49)
-
Os-187/Os-186 (3)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (9)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
S-32 (1)
-
S-33 (2)
-
S-33/S-32 (3)
-
S-34 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (16)
-
S-36 (1)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (29)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (2)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (1)
-
Lu/Hf (8)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium (1)
-
uranium
-
U-238/Pb-206 (2)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
-
potassium (3)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
sodium (5)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (2)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (7)
-
-
calcium
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (29)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (3)
-
-
antimony (3)
-
arsenic (4)
-
chromium (9)
-
cobalt (5)
-
copper (9)
-
gold (22)
-
hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
-
iron
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ferric iron (5)
-
ferrous iron (4)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (2)
-
-
manganese (18)
-
mercury (1)
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molybdenum (1)
-
nickel (11)
-
niobium (2)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (8)
-
iridium ores (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-187/Os-186 (3)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (9)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
palladium (16)
-
palladium ores (2)
-
platinum (18)
-
platinum ores (97)
-
rhodium (6)
-
ruthenium (4)
-
-
precious metals (12)
-
rare earths
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cerium (5)
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europium (3)
-
holmium (1)
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lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
scandium (1)
-
terbium (1)
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
silver (3)
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tantalum (1)
-
tin (4)
-
titanium (12)
-
tungsten (2)
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vanadium (3)
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zinc (6)
-
zirconium (2)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15 (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon (1)
-
helium
-
He-3 (4)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-21 (3)
-
-
radon (1)
-
-
nonmetals (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (49)
-
-
phosphorus (4)
-
selenium (3)
-
silicon
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-32 (1)
-
S-33 (2)
-
S-33/S-32 (3)
-
S-34 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (16)
-
S-36 (1)
-
-
tellurium (1)
-
trace metals (3)
-
-
fossils
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Archaea (1)
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bacteria (7)
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burrows (11)
-
Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Chondrichthyes
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Elasmobranchii (2)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
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Amniota (1)
-
Amphibia
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Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (4)
-
-
-
Aves
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Neornithes (1)
-
-
Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Bovidae (1)
-
-
-
Carnivora
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Fissipeda
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Canidae (1)
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Felidae (1)
-
-
-
Cetacea (1)
-
Insectivora (1)
-
Perissodactyla
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae
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Hipparion (1)
-
-
-
-
Primates
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Hominidae
-
Australopithecinae
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Australopithecus
-
Australopithecus africanus (2)
-
-
-
-
simians
-
Cercopithecidae (2)
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Mastodontoidea (1)
-
-
Rodentia (1)
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Ungulata (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Cotylosauria (1)
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Testudines
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Chelonia (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (4)
-
dinosaurs
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Ornithischia (3)
-
Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda (3)
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (2)
-
-
-
Eosuchia (1)
-
Lepidosauria
-
Rhynchocephalia (1)
-
Squamata (2)
-
-
Rhynchosauria (1)
-
-
Synapsida
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Pelycosauria (1)
-
Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (8)
-
Dicynodontia
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Lystrosaurus (14)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cloudina (1)
-
cyanobacteria (1)
-
fossil man (1)
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fungi (2)
-
Graptolithina (1)
-
ichnofossils
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Planolites (1)
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Skolithos (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (1)
-
-
-
Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Cirripedia (1)
-
Malacostraca (1)
-
Ostracoda (2)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
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Endopterygota
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
-
Isoptera (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Phacopida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Rhynchonellida (1)
-
-
Inarticulata (2)
-
-
Bryozoa
-
Trepostomata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa (1)
-
Scyphozoa
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Conulariida (1)
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
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Ophiuroidea (2)
-
-
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (1)
-
-
Homalozoa
-
Stylophora (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (5)
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (2)
-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda (4)
-
Tentaculitida (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea (1)
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Discocyclina (1)
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Miogypsinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
Vermes
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Annelida (1)
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
lichens (1)
-
Metazoa (3)
-
microfossils
-
Chitinozoa (2)
-
Conodonta (3)
-
problematic microfossils (1)
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scolecodonts (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
-
Chitinozoa (2)
-
Dinoflagellata (1)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (7)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta (2)
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diatoms (1)
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nannofossils (2)
-
-
Bryophyta (2)
-
Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (1)
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Lycopsida (1)
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Sphenopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (2)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (1)
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Coniferales (4)
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Cycadales (2)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Glossopteridales
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Gangamopteris (1)
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
thallophytes (8)
-
tracks (9)
-
trails (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (5)
-
Ar/Ar (28)
-
exposure age (1)
-
fission-track dating (3)
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K/Ar (11)
-
Lu/Hf (8)
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optically stimulated luminescence (3)
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paleomagnetism (35)
-
Pb/Pb (31)
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Pb/Th (1)
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radiation damage (2)
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Rb/Sr (27)
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Re/Os (9)
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Sm/Nd (17)
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Sr/Sr (4)
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Th/U (5)
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thermochronology (2)
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tree rings (1)
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U/Pb (131)
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U/Th/Pb (6)
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uranium disequilibrium (1)
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-
geologic age
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Anthropocene (2)
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Cenozoic
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Blancan (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (1)
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial (1)
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upper Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene (3)
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middle Pleistocene (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (15)
-
-
Stone Age
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Paleolithic
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Acheulian (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (4)
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middle Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (2)
-
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middle Miocene (2)
-
upper Miocene (2)
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (4)
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (3)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (3)
-
Aptian (1)
-
Valanginian (2)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
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Maestrichtian (1)
-
Santonian (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (16)
-
Ferrar Group (6)
-
Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (3)
-
lower Liassic (2)
-
middle Liassic (2)
-
Pliensbachian (5)
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Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic (4)
-
Upper Jurassic
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Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
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Olenekian (2)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (21)
-
-
Middle Triassic
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Anisian (2)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Narrabeen Group (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Keuper (1)
-
Molteno Formation (13)
-
Norian (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Stormberg Series (10)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (2)
-
MIS 3 (2)
-
MIS 5 (3)
-
MIS 6 (4)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
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Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (3)
-
Siegenian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (4)
-
Givetian (2)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (10)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (6)
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Hirnantian (7)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (49)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (4)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (9)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (21)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (12)
-
Whitehill Formation (11)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (43)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (10)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Fig Tree Group (8)
-
J-M Reef (2)
-
Kromberg Formation (3)
-
Mesoarchean (17)
-
Neoarchean (53)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (5)
-
-
Swaziland Supergroup (4)
-
Warrawoona Group (2)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (4)
-
Central Rand Group (32)
-
Fortescue Group (2)
-
Hadean (3)
-
Hamersley Group (6)
-
Onverwacht Group (14)
-
Pongola Supergroup (7)
-
Prince Albert Group (2)
-
Stillwater Complex (9)
-
Swaziland Sequence (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (78)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (9)
-
Great Oxidation Event (7)
-
Huronian (3)
-
Malmani Subgroup (10)
-
Mesoproterozoic (46)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (17)
-
Vendian (8)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Rooiberg Group (9)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (17)
-
Siderian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (15)
-
Wolkberg Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (45)
-
Waterberg System (9)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (67)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites
-
sovite (1)
-
-
feldspathoid rocks (3)
-
granophyre (9)
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kimberlite (112)
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peperite (2)
-
picrite (7)
-
plutonic rocks
-
alnoite (1)
-
anorthosite
-
gabbroic anorthosite (1)
-
-
diabase (37)
-
diorites
-
ferrodiorite (2)
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (2)
-
-
trondhjemite (4)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (15)
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (3)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
alkali granites (3)
-
aplite (3)
-
charnockite (6)
-
felsite (2)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (4)
-
microgranite (2)
-
monzogranite (2)
-
rapakivi (2)
-
S-type granites (4)
-
-
granodiorites (7)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (5)
-
lamprophyres (4)
-
pegmatite (30)
-
sovite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
bostonite (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
foyaite (3)
-
lujavrite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (51)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (15)
-
garnet lherzolite (2)
-
garnet peridotite (2)
-
harzburgite (18)
-
lherzolite (8)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite
-
bronzitite (1)
-
-
websterite (3)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (2)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
trachybasalts (1)
-
-
flood basalts (14)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (8)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (3)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses (2)
-
komatiite (13)
-
melilitite (2)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites (4)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (2)
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ignimbrite (5)
-
pumice (1)
-
tuff (11)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites
-
quartz porphyry (4)
-
rhyolite porphyry (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (4)
-
-
-
ophiolite (6)
-
volcanic ash (2)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (11)
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cataclasites (1)
-
eclogite (21)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (3)
-
orthogneiss (4)
-
-
granulites (19)
-
hornfels (3)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
lunar breccia (1)
-
-
-
marbles (2)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
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metabasite (1)
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metadacite (1)
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metagabbro (1)
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metagranite (1)
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serpentinite (3)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metaconglomerate (3)
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metagraywacke (1)
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metapelite (7)
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metasiltstone (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (3)
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skarn (4)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (7)
-
migmatites (2)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (15)
-
-
quartzites (24)
-
schists
-
greenstone (15)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
ophiolite (6)
-
turbidite (17)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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L chondrites (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
electrum (1)
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kamacite (1)
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taenite (1)
-
-
amosite (1)
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antimonides (1)
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arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
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arsenopyrite (2)
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safflorite (1)
-
sperrylite (6)
-
-
bismuthides
-
froodite (1)
-
michenerite (3)
-
-
borates (3)
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (3)
-
aragonite (2)
-
calcite (16)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (7)
-
hydrotalcite (2)
-
ikaite (1)
-
pyroaurite (2)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
siderite (5)
-
witherite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
eudialyte (2)
-
halite (2)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (3)
-
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
manganese minerals (5)
-
minerals (75)
-
native elements
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diamond (23)
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graphite (5)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (2)
-
-
oxides
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baddeleyite (6)
-
bixbyite (4)
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brannerite (2)
-
brucite (1)
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cassiterite (11)
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chrome spinel (4)
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chromite (17)
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corundum (1)
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cryptomelane (1)
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franklinite (1)
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gahnite (2)
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goethite (1)
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hausmannite (7)
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hematite (15)
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heterogenite (1)
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hydroxides
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oxyhydroxides (2)
-
-
ilmenite (23)
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iron oxides (8)
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jacobsite (1)
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leucoxene (1)
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lithiophorite (2)
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magnesioferrite (1)
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magnetite (33)
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manganese oxides (4)
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manganite (2)
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martite (1)
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niobates
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columbite (1)
-
-
perovskite (8)
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pitchblende (1)
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pyrophanite (2)
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ramsdellite (1)
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rutile (11)
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spinel (14)
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spinel group (4)
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tantalates
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tantalite (1)
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titanium oxides (4)
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titanomaghemite (1)
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titanomagnetite (4)
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todorokite (2)
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trevorite (2)
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uraninite (7)
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phosphates
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apatite (17)
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britholite (1)
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chlorapatite (1)
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monazite (9)
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xenotime (2)
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platinum minerals (25)
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silicates
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aluminosilicates (2)
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asbestos (3)
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borosilicates (3)
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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actinolite (2)
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crocidolite (4)
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edenite (1)
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hornblende (3)
-
pargasite (2)
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richterite (3)
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riebeckite (2)
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tremolite (2)
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tschermakite (3)
-
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orthoamphibole
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anthophyllite (1)
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gedrite (1)
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holmquistite (1)
-
-
-
bavenite (1)
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jade (1)
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plancheite (1)
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prehnite (4)
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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aegirine (4)
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aegirine-augite (1)
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augite (2)
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chrome diopside (1)
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diopside (4)
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hedenbergite (1)
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jadeite (1)
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omphacite (2)
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pigeonite (2)
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spodumene (3)
-
-
orthopyroxene
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enstatite (3)
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hypersthene (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (3)
-
wollastonite group
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pectolite (5)
-
wollastonite (4)
-
-
xonotlite (1)
-
-
framework silicates
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cancrinite (1)
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (2)
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microcline (4)
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perthite (1)
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sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase
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albite (2)
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anorthite (2)
-
-
-
nepheline group
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nepheline (1)
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scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
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coesite (2)
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quartz (27)
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stishovite (1)
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zeolite group
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analcime (2)
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stilbite (1)
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-
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magnesian silicates (1)
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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andalusite (1)
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braunite (7)
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britholite group
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britholite (1)
-
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chloritoid (1)
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datolite group
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datolite (2)
-
-
garnet group
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almandine (4)
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andradite (2)
-
grossular (3)
-
hydrogarnet
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hydrogrossular (1)
-
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majorite (3)
-
pyrope (7)
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spessartine (2)
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uvarovite (1)
-
-
grandidierite (1)
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kyanite (2)
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mullite (1)
-
olivine group
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fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (4)
-
olivine (16)
-
ringwoodite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (4)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (6)
-
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (2)
-
thorite (1)
-
zircon (84)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
barylite (1)
-
bertrandite (1)
-
epidote group
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allanite (1)
-
epidote (2)
-
-
kornerupine (1)
-
melilite group
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melilite (1)
-
-
vesuvianite (5)
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
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beryl (1)
-
cordierite (2)
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emerald (1)
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eudialyte (2)
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milarite group
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osumilite (2)
-
-
tourmaline group (1)
-
-
sheet silicates
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apophyllite (1)
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chlorite group
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chlorite (5)
-
-
clay minerals
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kaolinite (8)
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smectite (7)
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vermiculite (2)
-
-
gillespite (1)
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gyrolite (1)
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illite (8)
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margarite (2)
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mica group
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biotite (11)
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glauconite (1)
-
muscovite (9)
-
paragonite (1)
-
phlogopite (19)
-
-
pyrophyllite (3)
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rectorite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
serpentine group
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antigorite (1)
-
chrysotile (3)
-
cronstedtite (1)
-
lizardite (1)
-
serpentine (3)
-
-
stilpnomelane (3)
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
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barite (3)
-
ettringite (3)
-
gypsum (1)
-
jarosite (1)
-
natroalunite (2)
-
-
sulfides
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argentite (1)
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arsenopyrite (2)
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bornite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (10)
-
cooperite (6)
-
copper sulfides (4)
-
galena (6)
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iron sulfides (3)
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joseite (1)
-
laurite (6)
-
mackinawite (5)
-
millerite (1)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
nickel sulfides (4)
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pentlandite (7)
-
pyrite (15)
-
pyrrhotite (10)
-
siegenite (1)
-
sphalerite (6)
-
troilite (3)
-
-
sulfosalts (1)
-
tellurides
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altaite (1)
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joseite (1)
-
-
tungstates
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scheelite (2)
-
-
ultrabasite (3)
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vanadates (2)
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wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (216)
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academic institutions (1)
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Africa
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Sahara (2)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (29)
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Gariep Belt (11)
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Kaapvaal Craton (130)
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Kalahari Craton (11)
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-
Lesotho (49)
-
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Namaqualand metamorphic complex (38)
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Namibia
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Luderitz Namibia (2)
-
-
Orange River (27)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (230)
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Cape fold belt (41)
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Cape Province region (154)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa
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Port Elizabeth South Africa (5)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (61)
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Gauteng South Africa
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Johannesburg South Africa (18)
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Pretoria South Africa (8)
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Swartkrans Cave (2)
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Klerksdorp Field (11)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
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Durban South Africa (3)
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Zululand (1)
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Limpopo South Africa (4)
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Merensky Reef (60)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Barberton Mountain Land (9)
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Barberton South Africa (3)
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Murchison greenstone belt (5)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa
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Kimberley South Africa (28)
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Postmasburg South Africa (12)
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North-West Province South Africa
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Ventersdorp South Africa (7)
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Sutherland South Africa (6)
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Transvaal region (303)
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Vaal River (7)
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Western Cape Province South Africa
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Knysna South Africa (1)
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Witwatersrand (134)
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Swaziland (13)
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West Africa
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Antarctica
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asbestos deposits (4)
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associations (4)
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asteroids (2)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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South Atlantic
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atmosphere (7)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Western Australia
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New Zealand (4)
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bacteria (7)
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bibliography (5)
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boron
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brines (5)
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Canada
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (3)
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Ontario
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Sudbury igneous complex (3)
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Quebec
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Muskox Intrusion (2)
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carbon
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C-13 (3)
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organic carbon (6)
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Caribbean region
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catalogs (3)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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upper Quaternary (15)
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Stone Age
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Tertiary
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Paleogene
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Oligocene
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upper Oligocene
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Chattian (1)
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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K-T boundary (1)
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upper Cenozoic
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Villafranchian (1)
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Central America
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Guatemala (1)
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ceramic materials (2)
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chemical analysis (7)
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Chordata
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Tetrapoda
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Aves
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Mammalia
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Primates
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Hominidae
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Australopithecinae
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simians
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Proboscidea
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Reptilia
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clay deposits (1)
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Skolithos (1)
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porphyry (2)
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (33)
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Indian Ocean
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Invertebrata
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Mandibulata
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Insecta
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Exopterygota
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Isoptera (2)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Phacopida (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Inarticulata (2)
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Trepostomata (1)
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Conulariida (1)
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Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
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Crinozoa
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Homalozoa
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (5)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonites (2)
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Nautiloidea (1)
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Gastropoda (4)
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Tentaculitida (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Orbitoidacea
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Discocyclina (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Miogypsinidae (1)
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Radiolaria (1)
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Vermes
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Annelida (1)
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ionosphere (3)
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isotopes
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Al-26 (3)
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Cl-36 (1)
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Os-187/Os-186 (3)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (5)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
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Ra-226 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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tritium (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (2)
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U-238/U-234 (2)
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stable isotopes
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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C-13 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (42)
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D/H (15)
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deuterium (4)
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He-3 (4)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
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Li-7/Li-6 (1)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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N-15 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
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Ne-21 (3)
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O-16 (1)
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O-17 (1)
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O-18 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (49)
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Os-187/Os-186 (3)
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Os-188/Os-187 (9)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (5)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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S-32 (1)
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S-33 (2)
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S-33/S-32 (3)
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S-34 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (16)
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S-36 (1)
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Si-30/Si-28 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (29)
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U-238/Pb-206 (2)
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kaolin deposits (2)
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land subsidence (8)
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land use (7)
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lexicons (2)
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mantle (86)
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maps (9)
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Mediterranean region (2)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (3)
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Valanginian (2)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
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Maestrichtian (1)
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Santonian (1)
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Senonian (1)
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-
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Jurassic
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Clarens Formation (16)
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Ferrar Group (6)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (3)
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lower Liassic (2)
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middle Liassic (2)
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Pliensbachian (5)
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Sinemurian (1)
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Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
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upper Liassic (3)
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Middle Jurassic (4)
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Upper Jurassic
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Volgian (1)
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-
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Triassic
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Fremouw Formation (1)
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Lower Triassic
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Olenekian (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (21)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (2)
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Ladinian (1)
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Narrabeen Group (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian
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Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Keuper (1)
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Molteno Formation (13)
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Norian (1)
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Rhaetian (1)
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Stormberg Series (10)
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-
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upper Mesozoic (1)
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metal ores
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antimony ores (3)
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base metals (29)
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beryllium ores (1)
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iridium ores (1)
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iron ores (23)
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lead-zinc deposits (14)
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metals
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uranium
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U-238/Pb-206 (2)
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U-238/U-234 (2)
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alkali metals
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lithium
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Li-7/Li-6 (1)
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potassium (3)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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sodium (5)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (7)
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calcium
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Sr/Ca (1)
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-
magnesium
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
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Sr/Ca (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (29)
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-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (3)
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antimony (3)
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arsenic (4)
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chromium (9)
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cobalt (5)
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copper (9)
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gold (22)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
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iron
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ferric iron (5)
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ferrous iron (4)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (5)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
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U-238/Pb-206 (2)
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manganese (18)
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mercury (1)
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molybdenum (1)
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nickel (11)
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niobium (2)
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platinum group
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iridium (8)
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iridium ores (1)
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osmium
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Os-187/Os-186 (3)
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Os-188/Os-187 (9)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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-
palladium (16)
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palladium ores (2)
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platinum (18)
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platinum ores (97)
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rhodium (6)
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ruthenium (4)
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precious metals (12)
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rare earths
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cerium (5)
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europium (3)
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holmium (1)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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-
scandium (1)
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terbium (1)
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ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (1)
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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silver (3)
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tantalum (1)
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tin (4)
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titanium (12)
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tungsten (2)
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vanadium (3)
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zinc (6)
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zirconium (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (11)
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cataclasites (1)
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eclogite (21)
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garnetite (1)
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gneisses
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biotite gneiss (1)
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granite gneiss (3)
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orthogneiss (4)
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granulites (19)
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hornfels (3)
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impactites
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impact breccia
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lunar breccia (1)
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-
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marbles (2)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (1)
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metabasite (1)
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metadacite (1)
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metagabbro (1)
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metagranite (1)
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serpentinite (3)
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metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metagraywacke (1)
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metapelite (7)
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metasiltstone (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (3)
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skarn (4)
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metavolcanic rocks (7)
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migmatites (2)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (15)
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quartzites (24)
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schists
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greenstone (15)
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slates (2)
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metamorphism (130)
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metasomatism (124)
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meteorites
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stony meteorites
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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L chondrites (2)
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-
-
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Mexico
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Sierra Madre Oriental (1)
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-
mineral deposits, genesis (232)
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mineral exploration (94)
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mineral resources (15)
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mineralogy (64)
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minerals (75)
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mining geology (27)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (6)
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monazite deposits (2)
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Moon (4)
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mud volcanoes (2)
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nitrogen
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N-15 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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argon (1)
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helium
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He-3 (4)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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neon
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Ne-21 (3)
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radon (1)
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nodules (9)
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nonmetal deposits (1)
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nonmetals (1)
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North America
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Appalachians
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Southern Appalachians (1)
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Basin and Range Province (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Grenville Province (1)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (2)
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Great Lakes
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Lake Superior (2)
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Great Plains (1)
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Western Interior (1)
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Northern Hemisphere (1)
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nuclear facilities (4)
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ocean basins (2)
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ocean circulation (2)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 175
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ODP Site 1087 (1)
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ocean floors (8)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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New Caledonia (2)
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Polynesia
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Hawaii (1)
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oceanography (3)
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oil and gas fields (7)
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orogeny (19)
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oxygen
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O-16 (1)
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O-17 (1)
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O-18 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (49)
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Pacific Coast (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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East Pacific Rise (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Tonga Trench (1)
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-
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North Pacific
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Mid-Pacific Mountains (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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-
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
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Tonga Trench (1)
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paleobotany (2)
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paleoclimatology (55)
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paleoecology (51)
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paleogeography (54)
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paleomagnetism (35)
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paleontology (25)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (1)
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-
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Carboniferous
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Albert Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
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Middle Carboniferous (1)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (1)
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-
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Pennsylvanian
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Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
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-
Upper Carboniferous
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Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (3)
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Siegenian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (4)
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Givetian (2)
-
-
Upper Devonian
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Famennian (1)
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Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (10)
-
Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (6)
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Caradocian (1)
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Hirnantian (7)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (49)
-
Guadalupian
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Capitanian (4)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (9)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (21)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (12)
-
Whitehill Formation (11)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (43)
-
-
-
palynology (1)
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Dinoflagellata (1)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (7)
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-
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paragenesis (28)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale gas (13)
-
-
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petrology (108)
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Phanerozoic (10)
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phase equilibria (48)
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phosphate deposits (3)
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phosphorus (4)
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placers
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stream placers (1)
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planetology (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta (2)
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diatoms (1)
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nannofossils (2)
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Bryophyta (2)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (1)
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Lycopsida (1)
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Sphenopsida (1)
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-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (2)
-
-
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (1)
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Coniferales (4)
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Cycadales (2)
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Ginkgoales
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Ginkgo (1)
-
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Glossopteridales
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Gangamopteris (1)
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (65)
-
pollution (28)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Fig Tree Group (8)
-
J-M Reef (2)
-
Kromberg Formation (3)
-
Mesoarchean (17)
-
Neoarchean (53)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (5)
-
-
Swaziland Supergroup (4)
-
Warrawoona Group (2)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (4)
-
Central Rand Group (32)
-
Fortescue Group (2)
-
Hadean (3)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Assessing Recency of Faulting in the Stable Continental Region of Western Cape, South Africa Available to Purchase
Proposal for the 5th adjustment and modification of the South African Code of Stratigraphic Terminology and Nomenclature Available to Purchase
Correlations on the southern Kaapvaal Craton Margin, 2: Ventersdorp strata at T’Kuip date the end of Klipriviersberg Volcanism Available to Purchase
Uncovering the southern Bushveld Complex, using reflection seismic and gravity data Available to Purchase
Manganese in South Africa: its mineral economics, geology and geometallurgy Available to Purchase
PREHNITE – THE FIRST MINERAL DISCOVERED IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE FIRST NAMED AFTER A PERSON Available to Purchase
Origin of Chromitite-Anorthosite Interlayering in the Bushveld Complex Available to Purchase
A High-Resolution Geochemical and Petrological Investigation of Bifurcating Chromitite Layers of the UG1 Footwall at Impala Platinum Mine, Rustenburg Available to Purchase
Using Sulfide Mineral Chemistry to Understand PGE Mineralization Processes in the Platreef, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa Available to Purchase
A new Re-Os age constraint informs the dynamics of the Great Oxidation Event Open Access
Tectonic setting and Pan-African structural evolution of the western Saldania Belt, South Africa Available to Purchase
Regional variance in alluvial sedimentation and revised stratigraphy of the Klipheuwel Group and Franschhoek Formation Available to Purchase
Mineralisation controls for the diverse Cape manganese occurrences, South Africa Available to Purchase
Detrital zircon in Pleistocene aeolianite of the Isipingo Formation at Cape Vidal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, gives age and Hf isotope signatures without provenance significance Available to Purchase
New diagenetic constraints for the interpretation of Neoarchaean stromatolitic dolostone geochemical composition and their palaeoenvironmental significance Available to Purchase
Application of modern seismic attributes in the characterisation of mass transport deposits: Orange Basin, South Africa Available to Purchase
A new interpretation of soft-sediment deformation features (SSDs) in the Parktown Formation (lower West Rand Group); the physical processes of deformation during deposition Available to Purchase
Sulfide Mineralization and Associated Platinum Group Elements in Mafic-Ultramafic Units of the Tantalite Valley Complex, Southern Namibia Available to Purchase
Indigenous knowledge of palaeontology in Africa Available to Purchase
Abstract Compared to other continents, the study of indigenous (non-western) knowledge of palaeontology in Africa is a relatively new field. The literature reviewed here nevertheless suggests a long-lasting string of traditions, geomyths and folklore related to fossilized items on the whole continent and encompassing many African cultures. It is often difficult to estimate the antiquity of these traditions, but the evidence gathered here suggests that they range from the 1800s to pre-colonial times, and up to many millennia. Palaeontological items were collected and used for a variety of reasons, but the African record seems unusual for its scarce use of fossils for traditional medicine. Also, despite substantial efforts, some famous localities with conspicuous fossils still remain without any documented indigenous knowledge. We stress that documenting fossil-related folklore and geomyths is not only a matter of preserving this knowledge or promoting diversity, but is also crucial for establishing strong bonds with local stakeholders to encourage preservation of geoheritage and discover new sites.
The Sea Point contact, Cape Town, South Africa: a geological site made famous by Charles Darwin's visit Available to Purchase
Abstract The Sea Point intrusive contact on the Atlantic coast, South Africa, is a site of historical significance that continues to be useful for studying the details of granite–wall rock relationships, some of which have not been properly evaluated yet. At a time when the origin of granites was still controversial, and the concept of contact metamorphism not yet properly developed, Charles Darwin visited the Sea Point contact to make some geologically important observations. He concluded that the granite originated as a magma deep in the Earth, intruded a country rock of sedimentary origin and changed this country rock's appearance owing to the thermal action of the hot granite magma. He also contemplated the long periods of time required to expose the rocks by erosion. Besides its historic value, the Sea Point heritage site exposes unique features giving rare insights into the physical and chemical interaction between intruding granitic magma and a regionally low-grade metamorphosed sedimentary sequence. Questions regarding mechanisms of magmatic emplacement may be answered from this outcrop, including emplacement dynamics and interrelationships of various granitic phases, pre- versus syn-intrusive deformation and metamorphism, assimilation of country rock by a granitic magma and the origin of feldspar phenocrysts seemingly ‘stranded’ in the country rock.