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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Afar (1)
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cabinda Angola (1)
-
-
Central African Republic (3)
-
Congo (4)
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Gabon (3)
-
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Ethiopia (6)
-
Ethiopian Rift (1)
-
Kenya (5)
-
Malawi (2)
-
Mozambique (11)
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Sudan (1)
-
Tanzania (6)
-
Uganda (3)
-
Zambia (4)
-
-
East African Rift (11)
-
Kalahari Desert (32)
-
Limpopo Basin (4)
-
Limpopo Belt (23)
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
Mozambique Belt (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Egypt (2)
-
Libya (1)
-
Morocco
-
Rif
-
Beni Bouchera (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahara (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (17)
-
Botswana
-
Okavango Delta (1)
-
-
Gariep Belt (9)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (67)
-
Kalahari Craton (9)
-
Karoo Basin (167)
-
Lesotho (18)
-
Namaqualand (65)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (35)
-
Namibia
-
Luderitz Namibia (2)
-
-
Orange River (26)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (12)
-
Cape fold belt (20)
-
Cape Province region (139)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa
-
Cape Town South Africa (3)
-
Molteno South Africa (1)
-
Port Elizabeth South Africa (2)
-
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (1)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa (2)
-
Klerksdorp Field (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Durban South Africa (1)
-
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (27)
-
Postmasburg South Africa (12)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa
-
Ventersdorp South Africa (1)
-
-
Sutherland South Africa (6)
-
Transvaal region (7)
-
Vaal River (4)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa
-
Langebaanweg South Africa (5)
-
-
Witwatersrand (4)
-
-
Swaziland (11)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (2)
-
Great Dyke (1)
-
Kariba Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benin (3)
-
Cameroon (2)
-
Chad (1)
-
Gambia (1)
-
Ghana (4)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Ivory Coast (3)
-
Liberia (2)
-
Mali (2)
-
Mauritania (2)
-
Niger (2)
-
Nigeria (4)
-
Sierra Leone (2)
-
Togo (1)
-
-
Zambezi Valley (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (9)
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Queen Maud Land (2)
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Pensacola Mountains
-
Dufek Intrusion (1)
-
-
-
Victoria Land (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Norwegian Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Ilimaussaq (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
Saudi Arabia (2)
-
Yemen (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Henan China (1)
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Xinjiang China (1)
-
Xizang China (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Krakatoa (1)
-
Sumatra (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Hida metamorphic belt (1)
-
-
-
Laos (1)
-
Mongolia (1)
-
Thailand (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (2)
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
Karnataka India
-
Mysore India (1)
-
-
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus (1)
-
Iran (1)
-
Syria (1)
-
Turkey (2)
-
-
Siberia (3)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
Mir Pipe (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Irish Sea (1)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Cape Basin (7)
-
Falkland Plateau (1)
-
Santos Basin (1)
-
Southeast Atlantic (3)
-
Walvis Ridge (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
South Sandwich Islands (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
South Australia (1)
-
Tasmania Australia
-
Tasmania Basin (1)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Argyle Mine (1)
-
Hamersley Basin (5)
-
Pilbara Craton (5)
-
Yilgarn Craton (2)
-
-
-
New Zealand (3)
-
-
Bowen Basin (1)
-
Broken Hill Mine (6)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Nain Massif (1)
-
Voisey's Bay Deposit (3)
-
-
Newfoundland (3)
-
-
Ontario
-
Algoma District Ontario
-
Blind River Ontario (1)
-
-
Sudbury igneous complex (2)
-
Timiskaming District Ontario
-
Cobalt Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Nunavut (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Manitoba (1)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Lac de Gras (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
Central America
-
Guatemala (1)
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Central Urals (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Khibiny Mountains (1)
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Saratov Russian Federation (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
Mir Pipe (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine
-
Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
-
Krivoy Rog Ukraine (1)
-
-
-
Urals
-
Central Urals (1)
-
Southern Urals (2)
-
-
-
Eurasia (1)
-
Europe
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Central Europe
-
Austria (1)
-
Czech Republic
-
Bohemia (1)
-
-
Germany (3)
-
Poland (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Switzerland (1)
-
-
Fennoscandian Shield (1)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Khibiny Mountains (1)
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Saratov Russian Federation (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Ebro Basin (1)
-
-
-
Italy (2)
-
Romania
-
Transylvania
-
Bihor Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Yugoslavia (1)
-
-
Ukraine
-
Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
-
Krivoy Rog Ukraine (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Corsica (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland
-
North Karelia Finland
-
Outokumpu Finland (1)
-
-
-
Norway
-
Rogaland Norway (1)
-
Southern Norway (1)
-
-
Sweden (3)
-
Western Gneiss region (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Dorset England (1)
-
Yorkshire England (1)
-
-
Scotland (1)
-
Wales (2)
-
-
-
-
-
False Bay (4)
-
Galilee Basin (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Agulhas Bank (3)
-
Mid-Indian Ridge (1)
-
West Indian Ocean (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
Mauritius (1)
-
-
Jack Hills (1)
-
Kerguelen Plateau (1)
-
Kimberley Basin (2)
-
Mediterranean region (2)
-
Mexico (3)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (1)
-
Canadian Shield
-
Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (2)
-
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Superior (1)
-
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Western Interior (1)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
East Pacific Rise (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Mid-Pacific Mountains (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
-
-
Russian Platform (1)
-
Scotia Sea Islands
-
South Sandwich Islands (1)
-
-
Solomon Islands (1)
-
South America
-
Andes (1)
-
Argentina
-
Buenos Aires Argentina (1)
-
Neuquen Basin (1)
-
-
Brazil
-
Brazilian Shield (1)
-
Minas Gerais Brazil
-
Pocos de Caldas Brazil (1)
-
Quadrilatero Ferrifero (1)
-
-
Para Brazil
-
Carajas mineral province (1)
-
-
Ribeira Belt (1)
-
Santa Catarina Brazil (1)
-
-
Chile (1)
-
Colombia (1)
-
Dom Feliciano Belt (1)
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
Parana Basin (3)
-
Patagonia (2)
-
Peru (1)
-
Venezuela (2)
-
-
Southern Hemisphere (3)
-
Southern Ocean
-
Weddell Sea (1)
-
-
Sydney Basin (1)
-
Table Mountain (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Nunivak Island (1)
-
-
Arizona
-
Yavapai County Arizona (1)
-
-
Arkansas
-
Garland County Arkansas (1)
-
-
California
-
Monterey County California
-
Parkfield California (2)
-
-
-
Colorado
-
Weld County Colorado (1)
-
-
Colorado Plateau (3)
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Florida (1)
-
Illinois (1)
-
Kansas (1)
-
Minnesota (3)
-
Navajo Indian Reservation (1)
-
Nebraska (1)
-
Nevada
-
Nye County Nevada (1)
-
-
New Mexico
-
Dona Ana County New Mexico (1)
-
Jornada del Muerto (1)
-
Sierra County New Mexico (1)
-
-
North Carolina (1)
-
Ohio (2)
-
Oklahoma (3)
-
Oregon (1)
-
Pennsylvania (2)
-
Texas (6)
-
Utah (2)
-
West Virginia (1)
-
Western U.S. (1)
-
-
USSR (4)
-
-
commodities
-
aggregate (1)
-
andalusite deposits (1)
-
asbestos deposits (3)
-
barite deposits (2)
-
bitumens (1)
-
ceramic materials (2)
-
clay deposits (1)
-
coal deposits (3)
-
construction materials
-
dimension stone (1)
-
-
diamond deposits (33)
-
energy sources (7)
-
feldspar deposits (2)
-
gems (7)
-
geothermal energy (1)
-
glass materials (1)
-
heavy mineral deposits (3)
-
industrial minerals (4)
-
kaolin deposits (2)
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (2)
-
arsenic ores (2)
-
base metals (10)
-
beryllium ores (1)
-
bismuth ores (2)
-
chromite ores (2)
-
cobalt ores (2)
-
copper ores (41)
-
gold ores (25)
-
iron ores (15)
-
lead ores (21)
-
lead-zinc deposits (11)
-
manganese ores (40)
-
molybdenum ores (1)
-
nickel ores (12)
-
niobium ores (1)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (10)
-
polymetallic ores (4)
-
rare earth deposits (2)
-
silver ores (9)
-
tantalum ores (1)
-
thorium ores (2)
-
tin ores (1)
-
titanium ores (3)
-
tungsten ores (3)
-
uranium ores (18)
-
zinc ores (27)
-
zirconium ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (102)
-
mineral exploration (52)
-
mineral resources (13)
-
monazite deposits (2)
-
nonmetal deposits (1)
-
oil and gas fields (6)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (11)
-
-
-
placers (9)
-
sand deposits (1)
-
strategic minerals (1)
-
water resources (8)
-
zircon deposits (2)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
-
C-13 (2)
-
C-13/C-12 (31)
-
C-14 (1)
-
organic carbon (6)
-
-
chemical ratios (8)
-
halogens
-
bromine (1)
-
chlorine (1)
-
iodine (1)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (6)
-
tritium (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (63)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (1)
-
Be-10 (5)
-
C-14 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
tritium (1)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13 (2)
-
C-13/C-12 (31)
-
D/H (6)
-
He-3 (4)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
-
Ne-21 (3)
-
O-18/O-16 (24)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (9)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (16)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (1)
-
Lu/Hf (3)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium (1)
-
uranium
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
-
potassium (2)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
sodium (4)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (2)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (5)
-
-
calcium
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium (11)
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (16)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (1)
-
-
antimony (1)
-
arsenic (2)
-
chromium (2)
-
cobalt (1)
-
copper (4)
-
gold (10)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
-
iron
-
ferric iron (5)
-
ferrous iron (4)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
-
manganese (15)
-
nickel (2)
-
niobium (1)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium (1)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum (1)
-
platinum ores (10)
-
rhodium (1)
-
ruthenium (1)
-
-
precious metals (3)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (2)
-
europium (2)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
scandium (1)
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
silver (1)
-
tin (1)
-
titanium (5)
-
tungsten (1)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zinc (4)
-
zirconium (1)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon (1)
-
helium
-
He-3 (4)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-21 (3)
-
-
radon (1)
-
-
nonmetals (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (24)
-
-
phosphorus (3)
-
selenium (2)
-
silicon
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-33/S-32 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (9)
-
-
tellurium (1)
-
-
fossils
-
Archaea (1)
-
bacteria (5)
-
burrows (8)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amniota (1)
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (3)
-
-
-
Aves
-
Neornithes (1)
-
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Artiodactyla
-
Ruminantia
-
Bovidae (1)
-
-
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Felidae (1)
-
-
-
Cetacea (1)
-
Insectivora (1)
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Hipparion (1)
-
-
-
-
Primates
-
Hominidae
-
Australopithecinae
-
Australopithecus
-
Australopithecus africanus (2)
-
-
-
-
simians
-
Cercopithecidae (2)
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Mastodontoidea (1)
-
-
Rodentia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
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Cotylosauria (1)
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Testudines
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Chelonia (1)
-
-
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (3)
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia (2)
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda (1)
-
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Theropoda (2)
-
-
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Pterosauria (1)
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Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (2)
-
-
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Eosuchia (1)
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Lepidosauria
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Rhynchocephalia (1)
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Squamata (2)
-
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Rhynchosauria (1)
-
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Synapsida
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Pelycosauria (1)
-
Therapsida
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Cynodontia (3)
-
Dicynodontia
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Lystrosaurus (12)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cloudina (1)
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cyanobacteria (1)
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fossil man (1)
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fungi (2)
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Graptolithina (1)
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ichnofossils
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Planolites (1)
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Skolithos (1)
-
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (1)
-
-
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Cirripedia (1)
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Malacostraca (1)
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Ostracoda (2)
-
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Hymenoptera (1)
-
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Exopterygota
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Isoptera (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Phacopida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Inarticulata (2)
-
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Bryozoa
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Trepostomata (1)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa (1)
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Scyphozoa
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Conulariida (1)
-
-
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (1)
-
-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (4)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (2)
-
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Nautiloidea (1)
-
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Gastropoda (3)
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Tentaculitida (1)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Miogypsinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Vermes
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Annelida (1)
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scolecodonts (1)
-
-
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lichens (1)
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Metazoa (3)
-
microfossils
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Conodonta (3)
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problematic microfossils (1)
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scolecodonts (1)
-
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palynomorphs
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Dinoflagellata (1)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (7)
-
-
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta (1)
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diatoms (1)
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nannofossils (2)
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Bryophyta (2)
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (2)
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-
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (1)
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Coniferales (3)
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Cycadales (1)
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Glossopteridales
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Gangamopteris (1)
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (1)
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thallophytes (6)
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tracks (7)
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trails (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (4)
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Ar/Ar (20)
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exposure age (1)
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fission-track dating (3)
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K/Ar (7)
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Lu/Hf (3)
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optically stimulated luminescence (1)
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paleomagnetism (23)
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Pb/Pb (17)
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Pb/Th (1)
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radiation damage (1)
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Rb/Sr (15)
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Re/Os (4)
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Sm/Nd (11)
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Sr/Sr (3)
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Th/U (2)
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thermochronology (1)
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tree rings (1)
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U/Pb (77)
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U/Th/Pb (5)
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uranium disequilibrium (1)
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geologic age
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Anthropocene (2)
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Cenozoic
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Blancan (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial (1)
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene (3)
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middle Pleistocene (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (12)
-
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Stone Age (3)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (3)
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middle Tertiary (2)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (2)
-
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middle Miocene (2)
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upper Miocene (1)
-
-
Pliocene
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lower Pliocene (4)
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middle Pliocene (1)
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upper Pliocene (2)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (3)
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Aptian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
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Maestrichtian (1)
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Santonian (1)
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Senonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (9)
-
Ferrar Group (6)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
middle Liassic (2)
-
Pliensbachian (4)
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Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic (3)
-
Upper Jurassic (3)
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (18)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (2)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Narrabeen Group (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Molteno Formation (5)
-
Norian (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Stormberg Series (6)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (2)
-
MIS 3 (2)
-
MIS 5 (3)
-
MIS 6 (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Siegenian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (4)
-
Givetian (1)
-
-
Upper Devonian (2)
-
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (6)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (6)
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Hirnantian (7)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (34)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (4)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Kungurian (2)
-
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (9)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (18)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (2)
-
Whitehill Formation (10)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (39)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (9)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Fig Tree Group (3)
-
Kromberg Formation (1)
-
Mesoarchean (4)
-
Neoarchean (22)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (3)
-
-
Swaziland Supergroup (1)
-
Warrawoona Group (2)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (3)
-
Central Rand Group (7)
-
Fortescue Group (2)
-
Hadean (2)
-
Hamersley Group (4)
-
Onverwacht Group (5)
-
Pongola Supergroup (3)
-
Prince Albert Group (2)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (36)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (8)
-
Great Oxidation Event (3)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Malmani Subgroup (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic (38)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (17)
-
Vendian (8)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Siderian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (2)
-
Wolkberg Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (18)
-
Waterberg System (3)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (15)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (12)
-
feldspathoid rocks (2)
-
kimberlite (91)
-
picrite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
alnoite (1)
-
anorthosite (3)
-
diabase (27)
-
diorites
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (1)
-
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (2)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (2)
-
aplite (1)
-
charnockite (5)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
monzogranite (2)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
granodiorites (5)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (5)
-
lamprophyres (3)
-
pegmatite (7)
-
syenites
-
bostonite (1)
-
nepheline syenite (6)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
garnet peridotite (2)
-
harzburgite (6)
-
lherzolite (4)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (3)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (2)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (4)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
flood basalts (7)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (7)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (2)
-
-
komatiite (6)
-
melilitite (2)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
pumice (1)
-
tuff (9)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites
-
quartz porphyry (3)
-
rhyolite porphyry (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (3)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
volcanic ash (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (6)
-
eclogite (17)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (3)
-
orthogneiss (4)
-
-
granulites (14)
-
hornfels (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metadacite (1)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
metagranite (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (5)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (2)
-
skarn (3)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (5)
-
quartzites (12)
-
schists
-
greenstone (3)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
turbidite (11)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
-
L chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
electrum (1)
-
kamacite (1)
-
taenite (1)
-
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
-
sperrylite (1)
-
-
bismuthides (1)
-
borates (3)
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (2)
-
aragonite (2)
-
calcite (9)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (4)
-
hydrotalcite (1)
-
ikaite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
siderite (3)
-
witherite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
eudialyte (1)
-
halite (1)
-
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
manganese minerals (5)
-
minerals (41)
-
native elements
-
diamond (20)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (5)
-
bixbyite (4)
-
chrome spinel (3)
-
chromite (2)
-
corundum (1)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
franklinite (1)
-
gahnite (2)
-
goethite (1)
-
hausmannite (7)
-
hematite (10)
-
heterogenite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
oxyhydroxides (1)
-
-
ilmenite (15)
-
iron oxides (3)
-
jacobsite (1)
-
leucoxene (1)
-
lithiophorite (2)
-
magnetite (9)
-
manganese oxides (2)
-
manganite (2)
-
martite (1)
-
niobates
-
columbite (1)
-
-
perovskite (5)
-
pyrophanite (2)
-
ramsdellite (1)
-
rutile (7)
-
spinel (8)
-
spinel group (3)
-
tantalates
-
tantalite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
todorokite (2)
-
trevorite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (11)
-
monazite (3)
-
-
platinum minerals (3)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (2)
-
asbestos (2)
-
borosilicates (3)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
crocidolite (3)
-
hornblende (1)
-
richterite (3)
-
riebeckite (1)
-
tschermakite (2)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
bavenite (1)
-
plancheite (1)
-
prehnite (3)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (3)
-
aegirine-augite (1)
-
chrome diopside (1)
-
diopside (3)
-
hedenbergite (1)
-
jadeite (1)
-
omphacite (2)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (2)
-
-
-
tobermorite (2)
-
wollastonite group
-
pectolite (5)
-
wollastonite (4)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
microcline (2)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
anorthite (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
coesite (2)
-
quartz (12)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (2)
-
stilbite (1)
-
-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
braunite (7)
-
chloritoid (1)
-
datolite group
-
datolite (2)
-
-
garnet group
-
almandine (4)
-
andradite (2)
-
grossular (2)
-
hydrogarnet (2)
-
majorite (3)
-
pyrope (7)
-
spessartine (2)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
grandidierite (1)
-
kyanite (2)
-
mullite (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (9)
-
-
sillimanite (4)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (51)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
barylite (1)
-
bertrandite (1)
-
epidote group
-
allanite (1)
-
-
kornerupine (1)
-
vesuvianite (3)
-
zunyite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
-
cordierite (2)
-
eudialyte (1)
-
milarite group
-
osumilite (2)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
apophyllite (1)
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (5)
-
smectite (4)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
gillespite (1)
-
gyrolite (1)
-
illite (5)
-
margarite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (4)
-
muscovite (3)
-
paragonite (1)
-
phlogopite (10)
-
-
pyrophyllite (2)
-
rectorite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
chrysotile (1)
-
cronstedtite (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
stilpnomelane (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (3)
-
ettringite (3)
-
gypsum (1)
-
natroalunite (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
bornite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (4)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (5)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
mackinawite (5)
-
millerite (1)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pyrite (7)
-
pyrrhotite (2)
-
siegenite (1)
-
sphalerite (6)
-
troilite (2)
-
-
sulfosalts (1)
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
ultrabasite (1)
-
vanadates (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (130)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
Afar (1)
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cabinda Angola (1)
-
-
Central African Republic (3)
-
Congo (4)
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Gabon (3)
-
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Ethiopia (6)
-
Ethiopian Rift (1)
-
Kenya (5)
-
Malawi (2)
-
Mozambique (11)
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Sudan (1)
-
Tanzania (6)
-
Uganda (3)
-
Zambia (4)
-
-
East African Rift (11)
-
Kalahari Desert (32)
-
Limpopo Basin (4)
-
Limpopo Belt (23)
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
Mozambique Belt (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Egypt (2)
-
Libya (1)
-
Morocco
-
Rif
-
Beni Bouchera (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahara (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (17)
-
Botswana
-
Okavango Delta (1)
-
-
Gariep Belt (9)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (67)
-
Kalahari Craton (9)
-
Karoo Basin (167)
-
Lesotho (18)
-
Namaqualand (65)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (35)
-
Namibia
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cerium (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (7)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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samarium
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skarn (3)
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metavolcanic rocks (5)
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quartzites (12)
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schists
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greenstone (3)
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metamorphism (59)
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metasomatism (59)
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meteorites
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stony meteorites
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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L chondrites (1)
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-
-
-
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Mexico (3)
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mineral deposits, genesis (102)
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mineral exploration (52)
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mineral resources (13)
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mineralogy (49)
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minerals (41)
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Moon (2)
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mud volcanoes (1)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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argon (1)
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helium
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He-3 (4)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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neon
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Ne-21 (3)
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radon (1)
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nodules (6)
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nonmetal deposits (1)
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nonmetals (1)
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North America
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Appalachians
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Southern Appalachians (1)
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Basin and Range Province (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Abitibi Belt (2)
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Great Lakes
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oceanography (3)
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oil and gas fields (6)
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orogeny (15)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (24)
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Pacific Coast (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Tonga Trench (1)
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-
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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-
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South Pacific
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Tonga Trench (1)
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-
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paleobotany (1)
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paleoclimatology (43)
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paleoecology (37)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (1)
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Carboniferous
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Albert Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Westphalian (2)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (2)
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Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (4)
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Upper Devonian (2)
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Itarare Subgroup (1)
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lower Paleozoic (6)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (6)
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Caradocian (1)
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Hirnantian (7)
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-
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Permian
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Ecca Group (34)
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Guadalupian
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Capitanian (4)
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Roadian (1)
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Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Kungurian (2)
-
-
Wolfcampian
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Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (9)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (18)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (2)
-
Whitehill Formation (10)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Rhuddanian (1)
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-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
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Dwyka Formation (39)
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-
-
palynology (1)
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palynomorphs
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Dinoflagellata (1)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (7)
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-
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paragenesis (16)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale gas (11)
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petrology (58)
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Phanerozoic (9)
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phase equilibria (25)
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phosphorus (3)
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placers (9)
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planetology (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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nannofossils (2)
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Bryophyta (2)
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (2)
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-
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferae (1)
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Coniferales (3)
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Cycadales (1)
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Glossopteridales
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Gangamopteris (1)
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (49)
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pollution (11)
-
Precambrian
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Archean
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Fig Tree Group (3)
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Kromberg Formation (1)
-
Mesoarchean (4)
-
Neoarchean (22)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (3)
-
-
Swaziland Supergroup (1)
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Warrawoona Group (2)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (3)
-
Central Rand Group (7)
-
Fortescue Group (2)
-
Hadean (2)
-
Hamersley Group (4)
-
Onverwacht Group (5)
-
Pongola Supergroup (3)
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Prince Albert Group (2)
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Stillwater Complex (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (36)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
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Damara System (8)
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Great Oxidation Event (3)
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Huronian (1)
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Malmani Subgroup (2)
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Mesoproterozoic (38)
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Neoproterozoic
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Ediacaran (17)
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Vendian (8)
-
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Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
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Siderian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (2)
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Wolkberg Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (18)
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Waterberg System (3)
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Witwatersrand Supergroup (15)
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (1)
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reclamation (1)
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reefs (5)
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remote sensing (23)
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reservoirs (1)
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roads (2)
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rock mechanics (4)
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sand deposits (1)
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sea water (1)
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sea-level changes (25)
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sedimentary petrology (44)
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sedimentary rocks
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bone beds (1)
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carbonate rocks
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beachrock (3)
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dolostone (10)
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grainstone (1)
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limestone
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coquina (1)
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dolomitic limestone (1)
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micrite (1)
-
microbialite (2)
-
-
travertine (1)
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wackestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (8)
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duricrust (3)
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iron formations
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banded iron formations (10)
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-
ironstone (1)
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phosphate rocks (3)
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silcrete (6)
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taconite (1)
-
tufa (2)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
quartz arenite (3)
-
-
argillite (1)
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arkose (1)
-
black shale (4)
-
conglomerate
-
quartz-pebble conglomerate (1)
-
-
diamictite (12)
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eolianite (2)
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graywacke (1)
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mudstone (26)
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red beds (5)
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sandstone (52)
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shale (24)
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siltstone (7)
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tillite (4)
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coal (11)
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oil sands (1)
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-
sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities
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dune structures (2)
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grooves (1)
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mudcracks (1)
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ripple marks (1)
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scour marks (1)
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biogenic structures
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algal structures
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algal mounds (1)
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bioherms (1)
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bioturbation (1)
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lebensspuren (2)
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microbial mats (1)
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oncolites (1)
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stromatolites (10)
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thrombolites (3)
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (3)
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cross-bedding (5)
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cross-laminations (2)
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cross-stratification (1)
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cyclothems (1)
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laminations (6)
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rhythmite (1)
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ripple drift-cross laminations (3)
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sand bodies (1)
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primary structures (1)
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secondary structures
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concretions (7)
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stylolites (1)
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soft sediment deformation
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clastic dikes (3)
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flow structures (2)
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turbidity current structures
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Bouma sequence (1)
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load casts (1)
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-
sedimentation (79)
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sediments
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carbonate sediments (1)
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clastic sediments
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alluvium (4)
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colluvium (2)
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diamicton (1)
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drift (1)
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dust (1)
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gravel (5)
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mud (2)
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ooze (2)
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outwash (1)
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pebbles (2)
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quartz sand (1)
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residual clays (1)
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sand (14)
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silt (4)
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marine sediments (10)
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seismology (8)
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selenium (2)
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shorelines (2)
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Si-30/Si-28 (1)
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slope stability (2)
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soils
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laterites (4)
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South America
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Karoo Supergroup (69)
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sedimentary rocks
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bone beds (1)
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coquina (1)
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micrite (1)
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microbialite (2)
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travertine (1)
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wackestone (1)
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-
chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (8)
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duricrust (3)
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iron formations
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banded iron formations (10)
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ironstone (1)
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phosphate rocks (3)
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silcrete (6)
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taconite (1)
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tufa (2)
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-
clastic rocks
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arenite
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quartz arenite (3)
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argillite (1)
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arkose (1)
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black shale (4)
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conglomerate
-
quartz-pebble conglomerate (1)
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-
diamictite (12)
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eolianite (2)
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graywacke (1)
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mudstone (26)
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red beds (5)
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sandstone (52)
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shale (24)
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siltstone (7)
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tillite (4)
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coal (11)
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channels (6)
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laminite (2)
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mounds (1)
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bedding plane irregularities
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grooves (1)
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mudcracks (1)
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ripple marks (1)
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scour marks (1)
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-
biogenic structures
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algal structures
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algal mounds (1)
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-
bioherms (1)
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bioturbation (1)
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lebensspuren (2)
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microbial mats (1)
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oncolites (1)
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stromatolites (10)
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thrombolites (3)
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-
planar bedding structures
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bedding (3)
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cross-bedding (5)
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cross-laminations (2)
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cross-stratification (1)
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cyclothems (1)
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laminations (6)
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rhythmite (1)
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ripple drift-cross laminations (3)
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sand bodies (1)
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-
primary structures (1)
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secondary structures
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concretions (7)
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stylolites (1)
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-
soft sediment deformation
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clastic dikes (3)
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flow structures (2)
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-
turbidity current structures
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load casts (1)
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striations (2)
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tracks (7)
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sediments
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sediments
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clay (4)
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cobbles (2)
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colluvium (2)
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diamicton (1)
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drift (1)
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dust (1)
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gravel (5)
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mud (2)
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ooze (2)
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outwash (1)
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pebbles (2)
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quartz sand (1)
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residual clays (1)
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sand (14)
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silt (4)
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marine sediments (10)
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turbidite (11)
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volcaniclastics (4)
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soils
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Oxisols (1)
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soils
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Proposal for the 5th adjustment and modification of the South African Code of Stratigraphic Terminology and Nomenclature Available to Purchase
Correlations on the southern Kaapvaal Craton Margin, 2: Ventersdorp strata at T’Kuip date the end of Klipriviersberg Volcanism Available to Purchase
Manganese in South Africa: its mineral economics, geology and geometallurgy Available to Purchase
Sulfide Mineralization and Associated Platinum Group Elements in Mafic-Ultramafic Units of the Tantalite Valley Complex, Southern Namibia Available to Purchase
Mineralisation controls for the diverse Cape manganese occurrences, South Africa Available to Purchase
Application of modern seismic attributes in the characterisation of mass transport deposits: Orange Basin, South Africa Available to Purchase
Regional variance in alluvial sedimentation and revised stratigraphy of the Klipheuwel Group and Franschhoek Formation Available to Purchase
Indigenous knowledge of palaeontology in Africa Available to Purchase
Abstract Compared to other continents, the study of indigenous (non-western) knowledge of palaeontology in Africa is a relatively new field. The literature reviewed here nevertheless suggests a long-lasting string of traditions, geomyths and folklore related to fossilized items on the whole continent and encompassing many African cultures. It is often difficult to estimate the antiquity of these traditions, but the evidence gathered here suggests that they range from the 1800s to pre-colonial times, and up to many millennia. Palaeontological items were collected and used for a variety of reasons, but the African record seems unusual for its scarce use of fossils for traditional medicine. Also, despite substantial efforts, some famous localities with conspicuous fossils still remain without any documented indigenous knowledge. We stress that documenting fossil-related folklore and geomyths is not only a matter of preserving this knowledge or promoting diversity, but is also crucial for establishing strong bonds with local stakeholders to encourage preservation of geoheritage and discover new sites.
Selected Karoo geoheritage sites of palaeontological significance in South Africa and Lesotho Open Access
Abstract The main Karoo Basin of South Africa and Lesotho preserves c. 120 myr of Earth's history. The sedimentary rocks of its Karoo Supergroup record massive environmental changes from the glacial Carboniferous to desert dunes and fiery flood basalts in the Early Jurassic. From the early Permian, the Karoo Basin was gradually filled with fluvial and lacustrine deposits, and the alluvial plains were successively colonized by a diverse suite of plants and animals. The fossils of these ancient inhabitants and their behavioural traces form an astounding Gondwanan geoheritage legacy in southern Africa, providing fossil evidence for the moving lithospheric plates and the effects of four mass extinctions and their subsequent biotic recovery. Here, we present six Karoo sites of global geoscientific importance that best display that heritage, with the caveat that these sites only touch upon the Karoo riches that are available for academic research and the emerging palaeotourism industry. It is our hope that these sites will become anchor points for a sustainable geoheritage future in southern Africa.