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Format
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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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East Africa
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Ethiopia (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (4)
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South Africa
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Cape fold belt (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Guinea (1)
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Antarctica
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Wilkes Land
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Australasia
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Canada
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mineral deposits, genesis (42)
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petroleum
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placers (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (19)
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C-14 (3)
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chemical ratios (3)
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halogens
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hydrogen
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D/H (2)
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isotope ratios (29)
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isotopes
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (19)
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D/H (2)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (3)
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Ne-21 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (8)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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S-34 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (10)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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uranium
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U-238 (2)
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alkali metals
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potassium
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K-40 (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (3)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (2)
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calcium (2)
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magnesium (2)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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aluminum
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copper (2)
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iron
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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manganese (2)
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platinum group
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (3)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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yttrium (1)
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tin (1)
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tungsten (2)
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nitrogen (1)
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noble gases
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neon
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Ne-21 (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (8)
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silicon (2)
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sulfur
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S-34 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (10)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Dipnoi (2)
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Metatheria
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Marsupialia
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Macropodidae (2)
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Reptilia
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Invertebrata
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Brachiopoda
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Inarticulata (1)
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Echinodermata
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Porifera
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Vermes
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Paleozoic
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lower Paleozoic (12)
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upper Paleozoic
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Phanerozoic (4)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Tapley Hill Formation (4)
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titanomagnetite (1)
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ulvospinel (1)
-
uraninite (7)
-
wustite (1)
-
zirconolite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (5)
-
florencite (1)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (5)
-
scholzite (1)
-
wavellite (1)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
selenites (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (2)
-
pargasite (1)
-
tschermakite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (1)
-
hedenbergite (1)
-
jadeite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
cryptoperthite (1)
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
microcline (1)
-
perthite (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
jasper (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
-
quartz (2)
-
-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (3)
-
phenakite group
-
willemite (3)
-
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (2)
-
zircon (14)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (2)
-
-
ilvaite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (3)
-
nontronite (1)
-
smectite (1)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
hydrobiotite (2)
-
illite (3)
-
mica group
-
biotite (6)
-
muscovite (4)
-
phlogopite (1)
-
-
sericite (2)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (2)
-
gypsum (3)
-
-
sulfides
-
bohdanowiczite (1)
-
bornite (6)
-
chalcocite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (7)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (2)
-
marcasite (1)
-
pyrite (10)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
sphalerite (1)
-
violarite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfovanadates
-
sulvanite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides (1)
-
tellurites (1)
-
uranium minerals (4)
-
vanadates (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (28)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (1)
-
Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (1)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (2)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
Namibia (4)
-
South Africa
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Zululand (1)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Guinea (1)
-
Mauritania (1)
-
Senegal (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Victoria Land
-
Wilson Terrane (1)
-
-
Wilkes Land
-
Adelie Coast (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea
-
White Sea (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Svalbard (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
-
Japan (1)
-
Malaysia (1)
-
-
Lena River (1)
-
Middle East
-
Turkey (1)
-
-
Siberia (2)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
-
associations (1)
-
asteroids (1)
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Florida Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Adelaide fold belt (3)
-
Adelaide Geosyncline (23)
-
Amadeus Basin (3)
-
Arunta Block (1)
-
Carpentaria Basin (1)
-
Curnamona Province (2)
-
Eromanga Basin (5)
-
Georgina Basin (3)
-
Great Artesian Basin (4)
-
Lachlan fold belt (1)
-
Murray-Darling Basin (1)
-
Musgrave Block (1)
-
Musgrave Ranges (2)
-
New South Wales Australia (19)
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Arnhem Land (1)
-
Ngalia Basin (1)
-
Reynolds Range (1)
-
-
Nullarbor Plain (3)
-
Officer Basin (4)
-
Otway Basin (3)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Brisbane Australia (1)
-
Darling Downs (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Adelaide Australia (7)
-
Arckaringa Basin (1)
-
Arrowie Basin (2)
-
Beltana Australia (1)
-
Coorong Lagoon (1)
-
Eyre Peninsula (19)
-
Fleurieu Peninsula (4)
-
Flinders Ranges (62)
-
Gawler Craton (35)
-
Gulf Saint Vincent (3)
-
Kangaroo Island (12)
-
Kanmantoo Trough (1)
-
Lake Eyre (8)
-
Lake Frome (1)
-
Middleback Range (3)
-
Mount Gunson (2)
-
Mount Lofty Ranges (3)
-
Mount Painter Inlier (1)
-
Olary Domain (2)
-
Olympic Dam Deposit (33)
-
Roxby Downs Australia (2)
-
Saint Vincent Basin (1)
-
Spencer Gulf (4)
-
Yorke Peninsula (4)
-
-
Surat Basin (1)
-
Tasmania Australia (4)
-
Victoria Australia (17)
-
Western Australia
-
Canning Basin (1)
-
Yilgarn Craton (4)
-
-
-
Tasman orogenic zone (1)
-
-
biogeography (3)
-
biography (1)
-
brines (6)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador (1)
-
Newfoundland
-
Avalon Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
-
Nunavut
-
Sverdrup Basin (1)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Sverdrup Basin (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (19)
-
C-14 (3)
-
organic carbon (4)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (10)
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
upper Quaternary (4)
-
-
Tertiary
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
upper Miocene (1)
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene (4)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Newer Volcanics (1)
-
-
-
chemical analysis (5)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Osteichthyes
-
Sarcopterygii
-
Dipnoi (2)
-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia
-
Diprotodonta
-
Macropodidae (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Diapsida
-
Sauropterygia
-
Plesiosauria (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (5)
-
climate change (5)
-
continental drift (4)
-
continental shelf (1)
-
crust (12)
-
crystal chemistry (14)
-
crystal growth (6)
-
crystal structure (29)
-
crystallography (2)
-
data processing (11)
-
deformation (12)
-
diagenesis (21)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
Earth (3)
-
earthquakes (12)
-
Eastern Hemisphere (1)
-
ecology (4)
-
economic geology (25)
-
energy sources (3)
-
engineering geology (1)
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Black Forest (1)
-
Czech Republic
-
Moravia (1)
-
-
Germany (1)
-
Switzerland
-
Basel Switzerland (1)
-
Valais Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian pyrite belt (1)
-
Portugal (1)
-
-
Italy (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Pyrenees-Orientales France (1)
-
-
Ireland (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark
-
Bornholm (1)
-
-
Norway
-
Rogaland Norway (1)
-
-
Sweden
-
Smaland (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England (1)
-
Scotland
-
Hebrides (1)
-
-
Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
faults (22)
-
folds (7)
-
foliation (3)
-
fractures (3)
-
gems (1)
-
geochemistry (38)
-
geochronology (8)
-
geology (1)
-
geomorphology (10)
-
geophysical methods (35)
-
geosynclines (2)
-
geothermal energy (3)
-
glacial geology (8)
-
graphite deposits (4)
-
ground water (14)
-
heat flow (3)
-
heavy mineral deposits (1)
-
helium gas (1)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
hydrogeology (1)
-
hydrology (4)
-
ichnofossils (9)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
picrite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites (1)
-
granites
-
I-type granites (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
pegmatite (3)
-
ultramafics (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
flood basalts (1)
-
-
komatiite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (12)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
East Indian Ocean (1)
-
Great Australian Bight (2)
-
-
intrusions (8)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (3)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Ptychopariida (1)
-
Redlichiida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Inarticulata (1)
-
-
Bryozoa
-
Cheilostomata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Scleractinia (1)
-
Tabulata (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Echinozoa
-
Echinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Ostreoidea
-
Ostreidae
-
Ostrea (1)
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda (1)
-
Hyolithes (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Hexactinellida (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Miliolina
-
Miliolacea
-
Miliolidae (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Amphistegina (1)
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Ammonia
-
Ammonia beccarii (1)
-
-
Elphidium (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Vermes
-
Phoronida (1)
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (1)
-
Be-10 (2)
-
C-14 (3)
-
K-40 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Th-232 (1)
-
U-238 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (19)
-
D/H (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (3)
-
Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (8)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
S-34 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (10)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
-
-
-
kaolin deposits (1)
-
land subsidence (1)
-
lava (2)
-
magmas (13)
-
mantle (8)
-
maps (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Bulldog Shale (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (2)
-
Aptian (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
-
Toolebuc Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Cenomanian (2)
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic (4)
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Triassic (2)
-
-
metal ores
-
arsenic ores (1)
-
base metals (2)
-
cadmium ores (1)
-
copper ores (45)
-
gold ores (39)
-
IOCG deposits (9)
-
iron ores (11)
-
lead ores (5)
-
lead-zinc deposits (6)
-
manganese ores (1)
-
nickel ores (1)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
polymetallic ores (9)
-
pyrite ores (1)
-
rare earth deposits (2)
-
silver ores (8)
-
tellurium ores (1)
-
uranium ores (25)
-
zinc ores (6)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-232 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-238 (2)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
potassium
-
K-40 (1)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (3)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (2)
-
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium (2)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (1)
-
-
copper (2)
-
germanium (2)
-
gold (1)
-
iron
-
ferric iron (2)
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
-
manganese (2)
-
mercury (1)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (2)
-
platinum (1)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
-
precious metals (3)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
lanthanum (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (3)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
tin (1)
-
tungsten (2)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zinc (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
gneisses
-
granite gneiss (2)
-
-
granulites (2)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metadiabase (1)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (3)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (1)
-
migmatites (4)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
schists
-
biotite schist (1)
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
metamorphism (18)
-
metasomatism (17)
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites
-
octahedrite
-
Henbury Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
Mexico (1)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (42)
-
mineral exploration (20)
-
mineral resources (2)
-
mineralogy (9)
-
minerals (12)
-
museums (1)
-
nitrogen (1)
-
noble gases
-
helium (1)
-
neon
-
Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
nodules (1)
-
North America
-
Keweenawan Rift (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (3)
-
Oceania
-
Kiribati (1)
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
Micronesia (1)
-
-
oceanography (1)
-
oil and gas fields (6)
-
orogeny (10)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (8)
-
-
Pacific region (1)
-
paleobotany (3)
-
paleoclimatology (19)
-
paleoecology (27)
-
paleogeography (16)
-
paleomagnetism (7)
-
paleontology (17)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Brigham Group (1)
-
Kanmantoo Group (8)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Atdabanian (2)
-
Terreneuvian (1)
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Flathead Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (12)
-
Ordovician (3)
-
Permian
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Tirrawarra Sandstone (3)
-
-
-
palynology (1)
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (3)
-
Dinoflagellata (1)
-
megaspores (1)
-
-
paragenesis (8)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
shale gas (3)
-
-
-
petrology (6)
-
Phanerozoic (4)
-
phase equilibria (2)
-
placers (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (1)
-
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae
-
Lithophyllum (1)
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (7)
-
pollution (3)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Adelaidean (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (9)
-
Hiltaba Suite (5)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Burra Group (2)
-
Cryogenian (8)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (8)
-
-
Marinoan (5)
-
Otavi Group (1)
-
Sturtian (10)
-
Vendian (17)
-
Wilpena Group (6)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Willyama Supergroup (2)
-
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
Tapley Hill Formation (4)
-
Umberatana Group (1)
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
reefs (3)
-
remote sensing (1)
-
sea water (6)
-
sea-level changes (10)
-
sedimentary petrology (18)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
beachrock (1)
-
boundstone (1)
-
dolostone (4)
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (1)
-
micrite (3)
-
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (1)
-
evaporites
-
salt (3)
-
-
iron formations
-
banded iron formations (1)
-
-
ironstone (1)
-
jaspilite (1)
-
phosphate rocks (1)
-
silcrete (6)
-
tufa (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite (1)
-
black shale (3)
-
conglomerate (6)
-
diamictite (9)
-
mudstone (7)
-
porcellanite (1)
-
sandstone (15)
-
shale (8)
-
siltstone (4)
-
tillite (2)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
flute casts (1)
-
ripple marks (4)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
algal structures
-
algal mats (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Ambient Noise Tomography: A Sensitive, Rapid, Passive Seismic Technique for Mineral Exploration Open Access
DECONSTRUCTING TAPHONOMY TO RECONSTRUCT THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HABIT OF ATTENBORITES JANEAE AT NILPENA EDIACARA NATIONAL PARK Available to Purchase
APPLICATION OF AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION TO THE DATING OF FORAMINIFERS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF REMANIÉ FOSSILS AND REWORKED SEDIMENTS Open Access
EBSD mapping of Cu-Fe-sulfides reveal microstructures enriched in critical/precious metals and resolve deformation histories Available to Purchase
A new exploration tool in the search for native hydrogen and helium Available to Purchase
Abstract Native hydrogen and helium have been considered important resources in assisting the energy transition. Hydrogen and helium seeps have been reported worldwide, which may indicate large reserves within the subsurface. However, generation of hydrogen and helium is complex; poorly understood and constrained for both generation processes and migration. One source of native hydrogen is ultramafic rocks, which have experienced serpentinization together with water radiolysis. In contrast, helium generation occurs as the result of the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium present within radiogenically enriched basement. An exploration tool, dedicated to identifying areas with the geological settings and conditions favourable for native hydrogen and helium generation, has been developed and tested. Several databases have been created and integrated as part of this study (geological and geochemical generation models) to support and focus the search for both hydrogen and helium. Machine learning algorithms which extract value from geospatial data types for detecting various accumulations have been implemented. The first machine learning results demonstrate the significant value in integrating data and machine learning for high grading areas more conducive to accumulating hydrogen and helium.
Functional morphology of the Ediacaran organism Tribrachidium heraldicum Open Access
Elongate Ediacaran fronds from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia Open Access
Robust laser ablation Lu–Hf dating of apatite: an empirical evaluation Open Access
Abstract Recent developments in laser-ablation Lu–Hf dating have opened a new opportunity to rapidly obtain apatite ages that are potentially more robust to isotopic resetting compared to traditional U–Pb dating. However, the robustness of the apatite Lu–Hf system has not been systematically examined. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted four case studies to determine the resistivity of the apatite Lu–Hf system compared to the zircon and apatite U–Pb system. In all cases, the apatite U–Pb system records a secondary (metamorphic or metasomatic) overprint. The apatite Lu–Hf system, however, preserves primary crystallization ages in unfoliated granitoids at temperatures of at least c. 660°C. Above c. 730°C, the Lu–Hf system records isotopic resetting by volume diffusion. Hence, in our observations for apatites of ‘typical’ grain sizes in granitoids (c. 0.01–0.03 mm 2), the closure temperature of the Lu–Hf system is between c. 660 and c. 730°C, consistent with theoretical calculations. In foliated granites, the Lu–Hf system records the timing of recrystallization, while the apatite U–Pb system tends to record younger cooling ages. We also present apatite Lu–Hf dates for lower crustal xenoliths erupted with young alkali basalts, demonstrating that the Lu–Hf system can retain a memory of primary ages when exposed to magmatic temperatures for a relatively short duration. Hence, the apatite Lu–Hf system is a new insightful addition to traditional zircon (or monazite) U–Pb dating, particularly when zircons/monazites are absent or difficult to interpret due to inheritance or when U and Pb isotopes display open system behaviour. The laser-ablation-based Lu–Hf method allows campaign-style studies to be conducted at a similar rate to U–Pb studies, opening new opportunities for magmatic and metamorphic studies.