ABSTRACT We generated low-temperature thermochronological data on crystalline rocks from the Chiapas Massif in southern Mexico to constrain the complex relationship among tectonics, exhumation, and sedimentation in the region. Our data show that the first recorded cooling event occurred at ca. 40–25 Ma due to denudation of the sedimentary cover of the Chiapas Massif at slow rates of ~0.1 km/m.y. This was followed by a period of tectonic quiescence from ca. 25 to 14 Ma. Between ca. 14 and 7 Ma, cooling implying exhumation of the massif at rates of up to ~0.7 km/m.y. was renewed, and this was associated with, and possibly responsible for, the Miocene “Chiapanecan” deformational event observed in the Chiapas fold-and-thrust belt to the northeast of the massif. This younger uplift was also accompanied by the onset of arc-related magmatism beneath the massif, between ca. 13 and 9 Ma, along the Tonalá shear zone at the Pacific coast. Since ca. 7 Ma, additional but slower cooling and exhumation are indicated along the length of the Chiapas Massif, and arc magmatism has jumped north by ~125 km from the Tonalá shear zone into the Chiapas fold-and-thrust belt. Concurrently, subsidence and sedimentation have persisted along the offshore Tehuantepec Shelf to the south, suggesting that the Tonalá shear zone has been recently active (despite no magnitude 4 or larger earthquakes), with up-to-the-north vertical displacement. We interpret the exhumation at ca. 40–25 Ma to pertain to displacement of the Chortis block along the paleo–Motagua fault zone, either as a northward propagation of a basement thrust beneath the massif within a regional transpressional setting, or as a deep, ductile crustal thickening and attendant isostatic uplift of the southern flank of the massif during the transpressional passage of the Chortis block. The ensuing quiescence (25–14 Ma) coincided, we believe, with the passage of the “western tail” of Chortis, which is internally deformed and perhaps transferred compressive stress less effectively than had the central, continental core of the Chortis block earlier. Renewed uplift and exhumation of the region began by ca. 14–10 Ma. An onset at ca. 10 Ma is probably the best estimate for the beginning of exhumation of the northwestern and central portions of the Chiapas Massif, whereas the present-day southeastern tip of the massif (potentially an allochthonous sliver belonging to the Chortis block) started to exhume earlier, at ca. 14 Ma. By ca. 13 Ma, arc magmatism had moved into the western Tehuantepec area, marking the onset of subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the Chiapas Massif. Hence, we interpret the main period of uplift of the Chiapas Massif and primary shortening of the Chiapas fold-and-thrust belt (ca. 14–7 Ma) as being driven by the establishment of Cocos subduction beneath the area.

ABSTRACT A comprehensive correlation chart of Pennsylvanian–Eocene stratigraphic units in Mexico, adjoining parts of Arizona, New Mexico, south Texas, and Utah, as well as Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Colombia, summarizes existing published data regarding ages of sedimentary strata and some igneous rocks. These data incorporate new age interpretations derived from U-Pb detrital zircon maximum depositional ages and igneous dates that were not available as recently as 2000, and the chart complements previous compilations. Although the tectonic and sedimentary history of Mexico and Central America remains debated, we summarize the tectonosedimentary history in 10 genetic phases, developed primarily on the basis of stratigraphic evidence presented here from Mexico and summarized from published literature. These phases include: (1) Gondwanan continental-margin arc and closure of Rheic Ocean, ca. 344–280 Ma; (2) Permian–Triassic arc magmatism, ca. 273–245 Ma; (3) prerift thermal doming of Pangea and development of Pacific margin submarine fans, ca. 245–202 Ma; (4) Gulf of Mexico rifting and extensional Pacific margin continental arc, ca. 200–167 Ma; (5) salt deposition in the Gulf of Mexico basin, ca. 169–166? Ma; (6) widespread onshore extension and rifting, ca. 160–145 Ma; (7) arc and back-arc extension, and carbonate platform and basin development (ca. 145–116 Ma); (8) carbonate platform and basin development and oceanic-arc collision in Mexico, ca. 116–100 Ma; (9) early development of the Mexican orogen in Mexico and Sevier orogen in the western United States, ca. 100–78 Ma; and (10) late development of the Mexican orogen in Mexico and Laramide orogeny in the southwestern United States, ca. 77–48 Ma.

ABSTRACT We present a summary of information on seismically active faulting in Chiapas, Mexico, related to North America–Caribbean plate-boundary zone deformation. We collected data from published works, and we also present new data collected from reporting agencies. Several active structures were identified as part of the deformation of the plate-boundary zone in the states of Chiapas and Veracruz, including 18 large (up to 175-km-long) strike-slip faults belonging to three tectonic realms: the Tonalá realm, the Depresión Central, and the strike-slip fault province. Available fault-plane solutions indicate left-lateral, strike-slip displacement along these faults. The reverse-fault province is also found to be part of the plate-boundary zone and seismically active, with thrust-faulting fault-plane solutions. Deformation extends to the northwest, along the Veracruz coastal plains region, which is also seismically active.

ABSTRACT A combined petrographic and chemical study of ejecta particles from the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sequence of El Guayal, Tabasco, Mexico (520 km SW of Chicxulub crater), was carried out to assess their formation conditions and genetic relation during the impact process. The reaction of silicate ejecta particles with hot volatiles during atmospheric transport may have induced alteration processes, e.g., silicification and cementation, observed in the ejecta deposits. The various microstructures of calcite ejecta particles are interpreted to reflect different thermal histories at postshock conditions. Spherulitic calcite particles may represent carbonate melts that were quenched during ejection. A recrystallized microstructure may indicate short, intense thermal stress. Various aggregates document particle-particle interactions and intermixing of components from lower silicate and upper sedimentary target lithologies. Aggregates of recrystallized calcite with silicate melt indicate the consolidation of a hot suevitic component with sediments at ≳750 °C. Accretionary lapilli formed in a turbulent, steam-condensing environment at ~100 °C by aggregation of solid, ash-sized particles. Concentric zones with smaller grain sizes of accreted particles indicate a recurring exchange with a hotter environment. Our results suggest that during partial ejecta plume collapse, hot silicate components were mixed with the fine fraction of local surface-derived sediments, the latter of which were displaced by the preceding ejecta curtain. These processes sustained a hot, gas-driven, lateral basal transport that was accompanied by a turbulent plume at a higher level. The exothermic back-reaction of CaO from decomposed carbonates and sulfates with CO 2 to form CaCO 3 may have been responsible for a prolonged release of thermal energy at a late stage of plume evolution.

ABSTRACT In 1935, Krynine postulated that first-cycle arkose in the humid tropical setting of southern Mexico can be rapidly eroded with minimal chemical weathering and redeposited as second-cycle arkose. Modern quantitative data confirm this hypothesis and highlight exceptions where first-cycle arkosic sediments have been diagenetically altered by intense weathering to yield second-cycle quartz arenites. In this study, extensive sampling of upland source rocks and their derived sediments provided a robust data set with which to quantitatively evaluate the composition and provenance of Holocene sediments. Three upland source terrains were identified: Paleozoic crystalline basement of the Chiapas Massif; Mesozoic to Cenozoic siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the Chiapas fold belt; and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the foothills of the fold belt. Holocene sediments from these source terrains are grouped into seven facies (A–G) based on their provenance and geographic location. Facies A consists of feldspathic sediments from the Mezcalapa-Grijalva River that are sourced from the Chiapas Massif. Facies B consists of lithic-rich sediments from the same area that are derived from the Chiapas fold belt. Facies A and B consist predominantly of first-cycle sand capable of yielding arkosic deposits. Facies C represents a mixture of Facies A and B sands deposited along the course of the Mezcalapa-Grijalva River. Facies D (from Rio Sierra) and Facies E (from Rio Pedregal) represent second-cycle feldspathic sands of the coastal-plain delta and were derived from Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the foothills. Mild chemical weathering due to rapid mechanical erosion enabled the creation of these arkosic deposits. They are less feldspathic than their parents and have limited occurrence due to mixing with less feldspathic first-cycle sands downstream from their sources. Facies F (from Rio Zanapa) and Facies G (from Lagunas Rosario and Enmedio) represent second-cycle quartzose sands of the low-lying savanna that were also derived from Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the foothills of the fold belt. Intense, long-term (>10,000 yr) chemical weathering of these sands has precluded the formation of arkoses, instead yielding quartz arenites. They are more weathered than the delta sands (Facies D, E) with a greater loss of feldspar and carbonate detritus. They are enriched in silica and depleted in alumina, CaO, Na 2 O, and K 2 O relative to Facies A arkoses due to loss of feldspars and mafic minerals. Second-cycle sediments eroded from Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the foothills (Facies D–G) contain detrital serpentine and chromite with high abundances of Cr and Ni, suggesting an ultramafic component in their provenance. Cr and Ni are effective tracers for second-cycle components in sands of mixed provenance.

Abstract High permeability and rapid recharge in karst aquifers make them susceptible to contamination. We combined a groundwater vulnerability map with an environmental disturbance index to give an adaptable spatial tool for developing management strategies for a karst environment in the Reserva de la Biosfera Selva el Ocote (el Ocote), Chiapas, Mexico. Seventy-two per cent of the study area is classified as an area of least concern for management, with 60% falling within el Ocote. Consequently, although there are concerns regarding the vulnerability of the karst ecosystem, the lack of development and the natural protection of the ecosystem, the immediate need for remedial action by the area’s managers is currently minimal. About 27% of the study area is classified by the composite model as of moderate concern, with 34% within el Ocote. This reflects a balance between areas of moderate and high vulnerability, but little disturbance. Based on the management zones created by this study, much of the sub-catchment is zoned as of least or moderate concern, where disturbance has not occurred. As such, the opportunity exists to prevent major human impacts on vulnerable areas and the entire ecosystem, but only if local stakeholders are incorporated into this process of limiting development.

Efforts to improve water quality and quantity, and sanitation in the world are impeded by a variety of technical and socioeconomic issues often unfamiliar to well-motivated individuals. Sustainable technological improvement can be thwarted by the lack of consideration of regional norms, customs, mores, and traditions, and by the absence of feasibility assessment and coordination with the community both before and during instatement of local improvements. Specifically, the absence of coordination means not fully allowing users to define their needs, resources, issues, and maintainable solutions, and not understanding local and regional power dynamics and the ability of the community to provide long-term project stewardship. Other mistakes can include: a lack of long-term planning; inadequate scientific and engineering design and construction; lack of anticipation of contingencies and complicating issues and lack of adaptive management to deal with these unforeseen events; use of inappropriate technology; absence of educational efforts (both for the community to understand and provide stewardship for the project, and for the education of those installing the facilities in the community); lack of follow-up; and lack of technical expertise and leadership. There is no single approach to water and sanitation development that fits all situations. However, avoiding common pitfalls can bring these important resources to villages worldwide, and in the process empower communities, reduce sickness and mortality, and improve the human condition.