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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Morocco (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
-
Amelia (2)
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet
-
East Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Mendeleyev Ridge (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
East Malaysia
-
Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
China (4)
-
Indonesia
-
Java (1)
-
-
Japan (2)
-
Laos (1)
-
Malaysia
-
East Malaysia
-
Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India (5)
-
Kohistan (1)
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Middle East
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
Popigay Structure (3)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Baltimore Canyon (1)
-
Baltimore Canyon Trough (2)
-
Georges Bank (2)
-
Great Meteor Seamount (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico (5)
-
Long Island Sound (1)
-
North Sea (2)
-
Northwest Atlantic (9)
-
Wilmington Canyon (3)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Bermuda (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (2)
-
Australasia
-
Australia (4)
-
New Zealand
-
Otago New Zealand
-
Oamaru New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
Avalon Zone (2)
-
Bathurst Island (1)
-
Bay of Islands (1)
-
Beaver Creek (1)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (2)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Colchester County Nova Scotia (1)
-
Minas Basin (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (3)
-
-
Ontario
-
Hamilton Ontario (1)
-
Ottawa Ontario (1)
-
Simcoe County Ontario
-
Borden Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Charlevoix (1)
-
Charlevoix-Est County Quebec (1)
-
Gaspe-Est County Quebec
-
Gaspe Quebec (1)
-
-
Gatineau Valley (1)
-
Montreal and Jesus Islands County Quebec
-
Montreal Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
Mackenzie Mountains (2)
-
Nunavut
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Haughton impact structure (1)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (4)
-
British Columbia
-
Prince Rupert British Columbia (1)
-
Skeena Mountains (1)
-
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
-
Manitoba (1)
-
Northwest Territories (2)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Puerto Rico (2)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Barbados (2)
-
Virgin Islands (2)
-
-
-
Bahamas (2)
-
-
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica (1)
-
Guatemala (2)
-
Panama (1)
-
-
Chesapeake Bay impact structure (52)
-
Chicxulub Crater (3)
-
Clear Creek (1)
-
Coast Ranges (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Donets Basin (1)
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
Russian Federation
-
Popigay Structure (3)
-
-
Ukraine
-
Boltyshka Depression (1)
-
Podolia (1)
-
-
-
Europe
-
Baltic region
-
Estonia (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Bohemian Massif (1)
-
Germany
-
Franconia (1)
-
North Rhine-Westphalia Germany (1)
-
Saxony Germany (1)
-
-
-
Donets Basin (1)
-
Pyrenees (2)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain (2)
-
-
Italy
-
Calabria Italy (1)
-
Ivrea-Verbano Zone (1)
-
Sicily Italy
-
Lipari Islands
-
Vulcano (1)
-
-
Pantelleria (1)
-
-
-
Yugoslavia (1)
-
-
Ukraine
-
Boltyshka Depression (1)
-
Podolia (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Rochechouart Crater (1)
-
-
Iceland (1)
-
Ireland
-
Galway Ireland (1)
-
-
Netherlands (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark
-
Bornholm (1)
-
-
Norway (2)
-
Sweden (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Lincolnshire England (1)
-
-
Scotland (3)
-
-
-
-
-
Fall Line (5)
-
False Cape (2)
-
Fire Island (2)
-
Franklin Mountains (1)
-
Front Range (1)
-
Grandfather Mountain (3)
-
Great South Bay (1)
-
Hartford Basin (6)
-
Hunter Valley (2)
-
Illinois River (1)
-
Indian Ocean (1)
-
James River (11)
-
Lewis Creek (1)
-
Long Island (2)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
Borneo
-
East Malaysia
-
Sarawak Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
-
Mediterranean Sea (1)
-
Mexico
-
Tabasco Mexico (1)
-
-
Mill Creek (1)
-
Mount Jefferson (1)
-
New River (4)
-
Newport Bay (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (89)
-
Appalachians
-
Allegheny Mountains (4)
-
Appalachian Plateau (21)
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (17)
-
Blue Ridge Province (40)
-
Carolina slate belt (2)
-
Central Appalachians (95)
-
Cumberland Plateau (1)
-
Great Appalachian Valley (6)
-
Northern Appalachians (2)
-
Piedmont
-
Inner Piedmont (1)
-
-
Southern Appalachians (33)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (70)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
-
Eastern Overthrust Belt (5)
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Grenville Front (2)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (11)
-
Michigan Basin (3)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
-
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
-
Western Interior (1)
-
Williston Basin (2)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Oceania
-
Micronesia
-
Marshall Islands
-
Enewetak Atoll (1)
-
-
-
-
Outer Banks (2)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
-
-
Permian Basin (1)
-
Pine Mountain Fault (2)
-
Pulaski Fault (6)
-
Raleigh Belt (1)
-
Richmond Basin (11)
-
Rome Trough (10)
-
Saltville Fault (4)
-
Sandy Hook (1)
-
Savage River (1)
-
Seymour Island (1)
-
Sierra Nevada (1)
-
South America
-
Argentina
-
Pampean Mountains (1)
-
-
Brazil
-
Sao Paulo Brazil (1)
-
-
Peru (1)
-
Venezuela
-
Orinoco Delta (1)
-
-
-
South Island (1)
-
South Mountain (1)
-
Sydney Basin (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama (26)
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands (1)
-
Fairbanks Alaska (1)
-
-
Allegheny Front (4)
-
Allegheny Mountains (4)
-
Allegheny Plateau (7)
-
Aquia Aquifer (2)
-
Arizona
-
Cochise County Arizona
-
Bisbee Arizona (1)
-
-
Pima County Arizona
-
Tucson Arizona (1)
-
-
-
Arkansas
-
Searcy County Arkansas (1)
-
-
Arkoma Basin (1)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain
-
Central Atlantic Coastal Plain (16)
-
Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
-
-
Bighorn Basin (1)
-
Black Warrior Basin (1)
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (17)
-
Bronson Hill Anticlinorium (1)
-
California
-
Central California (1)
-
Fresno County California (1)
-
Los Angeles County California
-
Los Angeles California (1)
-
-
Marin County California (1)
-
San Diego County California
-
San Diego California (1)
-
-
Santa Clara County California
-
San Jose California (1)
-
-
Ventura County California (1)
-
-
Catskill Delta (9)
-
Chesapeake Bay (60)
-
Cincinnati Arch (12)
-
Colorado
-
Park County Colorado
-
Alma mining district (1)
-
-
-
Columbia Plateau (1)
-
Connecticut
-
Hartford County Connecticut (1)
-
-
Culpeper Basin (14)
-
Dan River basin (6)
-
Delaware
-
Kent County Delaware
-
Dover Air Force Base (4)
-
-
New Castle County Delaware (3)
-
Sussex County Delaware
-
Bethany Beach Delaware (3)
-
-
-
Delaware Basin (2)
-
Delaware Bay (6)
-
Delaware River (1)
-
Delmarva Peninsula (16)
-
Denver Basin (1)
-
District of Columbia (23)
-
Dunkard Basin (6)
-
Eastern U.S.
-
Southeastern U.S. (3)
-
-
Florida
-
Duval County Florida (2)
-
Franklin County Florida
-
Apalachicola Bay (1)
-
-
Leon County Florida (1)
-
Sarasota County Florida (1)
-
-
Georgia (24)
-
Gettysburg Basin (2)
-
Hudson River (3)
-
Idaho (3)
-
Illinois
-
Johnson County Illinois (1)
-
Mason County Illinois (1)
-
Saint Clair County Illinois (1)
-
-
Illinois Basin (5)
-
Indiana
-
Jackson County Indiana (1)
-
-
Iowa
-
Manson impact structure (1)
-
-
Kansas (1)
-
Kentucky
-
Anderson County Kentucky (1)
-
Bath County Kentucky (2)
-
Boyd County Kentucky (2)
-
Breathitt County Kentucky (2)
-
Carter County Kentucky (7)
-
Eastern Kentucky coal field (5)
-
Elliott County Kentucky (6)
-
Estill County Kentucky (2)
-
Fleming County Kentucky (2)
-
Floyd County Kentucky (5)
-
Greenup County Kentucky (2)
-
Johnson County Kentucky (2)
-
Kentucky River (1)
-
Lawrence County Kentucky (1)
-
Leslie County Kentucky (3)
-
Letcher County Kentucky (3)
-
Lewis County Kentucky (6)
-
Madison County Kentucky (1)
-
Magoffin County Kentucky (2)
-
Martin County Kentucky (4)
-
Menifee County Kentucky (5)
-
Morgan County Kentucky (2)
-
Perry County Kentucky (7)
-
Pike County Kentucky (5)
-
Powell County Kentucky (4)
-
Rowan County Kentucky (10)
-
Taylor County Kentucky (1)
-
Wolfe County Kentucky (3)
-
-
Little Missouri River basin (1)
-
Louisiana (7)
-
Magothy Aquifer (1)
-
Maine
-
Somerset County Maine (1)
-
York County Maine (1)
-
-
Maryland
-
Allegany County Maryland
-
Cumberland Maryland (1)
-
-
Anne Arundel County Maryland (5)
-
Baltimore County Maryland
-
Baltimore Maryland (10)
-
-
Calvert County Maryland (26)
-
Cecil County Maryland (3)
-
Charles County Maryland (9)
-
Dorchester County Maryland (5)
-
Frederick County Maryland (4)
-
Garrett County Maryland (4)
-
Harford County Maryland
-
Aberdeen Proving Ground (4)
-
-
Howard County Maryland (2)
-
Montgomery County Maryland (13)
-
Patuxent River (3)
-
Prince Georges County Maryland (17)
-
Queen Anne's County Maryland (1)
-
Saint Mary's County Maryland (9)
-
Somerset County Maryland (1)
-
Talbot County Maryland (3)
-
Washington County Maryland (5)
-
Wicomico County Maryland (5)
-
Worcester County Maryland (7)
-
-
Massachusetts
-
Barnstable County Massachusetts
-
Cape Cod (1)
-
-
Suffolk County Massachusetts
-
Boston Massachusetts (1)
-
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
-
Calhoun County Michigan (1)
-
Washtenaw County Michigan
-
Ann Arbor Michigan (1)
-
-
-
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
Midwest (8)
-
Minnesota
-
Anoka County Minnesota (1)
-
Hennepin County Minnesota (1)
-
-
Mississippi (12)
-
Mississippi Delta (3)
-
Mississippi Embayment (2)
-
Mississippi River (2)
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Upper Mississippi Valley (1)
-
-
Missouri
-
Crawford County Missouri (1)
-
-
Montana
-
Fergus County Montana (1)
-
Silver Bow County Montana
-
Butte Montana (1)
-
-
-
Nashville Dome (1)
-
Nebraska (2)
-
Nevada
-
Elko County Nevada (1)
-
Nevada Test Site (1)
-
Nye County Nevada
-
Yucca Mountain (1)
-
-
-
New England (5)
-
New Hampshire (1)
-
New Jersey
-
Atlantic County New Jersey
-
Atlantic City New Jersey (1)
-
-
Cape May County New Jersey (1)
-
Cumberland County New Jersey (1)
-
Somerset County New Jersey (1)
-
-
New Madrid region (5)
-
New Mexico
-
Grant County New Mexico (1)
-
-
New York
-
Adirondack Mountains (1)
-
Broome County New York
-
Binghamton New York (1)
-
-
Niagara County New York (1)
-
Saint Lawrence County New York
-
Balmat-Edwards mining district (1)
-
-
Suffolk County New York (1)
-
Tompkins County New York
-
Ithaca New York (1)
-
-
Westchester County New York (1)
-
-
Newark Basin (5)
-
North Carolina
-
Bertie County North Carolina (1)
-
Carteret County North Carolina
-
Beaufort North Carolina (1)
-
-
Dare County North Carolina
-
Cape Hatteras (1)
-
-
Duplin County North Carolina (1)
-
Hertford County North Carolina (1)
-
Macon County North Carolina (1)
-
Madison County North Carolina (1)
-
New Hanover County North Carolina
-
Wilmington North Carolina (1)
-
-
Pamlico Sound (2)
-
-
Ohio
-
Adams County Ohio (6)
-
Ashland County Ohio (1)
-
Athens County Ohio
-
Athens Ohio (2)
-
-
Belmont County Ohio (1)
-
Coshocton County Ohio (1)
-
Delaware County Ohio (1)
-
Franklin County Ohio (1)
-
Gallia County Ohio (2)
-
Greene County Ohio (1)
-
Highland County Ohio (2)
-
Hocking County Ohio (2)
-
Jackson County Ohio (6)
-
Lawrence County Ohio (1)
-
Meigs County Ohio (3)
-
Monroe County Ohio (1)
-
Muskingum County Ohio (1)
-
Noble County Ohio (1)
-
Perry County Ohio (1)
-
Pickaway County Ohio (1)
-
Pike County Ohio (2)
-
Richland County Ohio (1)
-
Ross County Ohio (2)
-
Scioto County Ohio (5)
-
Stark County Ohio (1)
-
Tuscarawas County Ohio (1)
-
Vinton County Ohio (6)
-
Washington County Ohio (1)
-
Wayne County Ohio (1)
-
-
Ohio River (2)
-
Ohio River valley (2)
-
Oklahoma
-
Carter County Oklahoma (2)
-
Craig County Oklahoma (1)
-
Meers Fault (1)
-
-
Oregon (2)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Bedford County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Blair County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Cambria County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Chester County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Clearfield County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Conemaugh River (1)
-
Delaware County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Erie County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Fayette County Pennsylvania (3)
-
Greene County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Huntingdon County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Indiana County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Lancaster County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Luzerne County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Mifflin County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Perry County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Somerset County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Tioga County Pennsylvania (1)
-
York County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Potomac River (16)
-
Potomac River basin (5)
-
Pulaski thrust sheet (4)
-
Reading Prong (1)
-
Rhode Island
-
Newport County Rhode Island
-
Newport Rhode Island (1)
-
-
-
Rock Creek Park (1)
-
Salisbury Embayment (11)
-
Shenandoah Valley (11)
-
South Carolina
-
Charleston County South Carolina
-
Charleston South Carolina (3)
-
-
Chester County South Carolina (1)
-
-
South Dakota (2)
-
Southern U.S. (2)
-
Susquehanna River (4)
-
Tennessee
-
Claiborne County Tennessee (1)
-
Hancock County Tennessee (1)
-
Humphreys County Tennessee (1)
-
Loudon County Tennessee (1)
-
Putnam County Tennessee (1)
-
Shelby County Tennessee
-
Memphis Tennessee (1)
-
-
Sullivan County Tennessee (1)
-
-
Texas
-
Bee County Texas (1)
-
Fort Worth Basin (1)
-
Franklin County Texas (1)
-
Harrison County Texas (1)
-
Hood County Texas (1)
-
La Salle County Texas (1)
-
Presidio County Texas (1)
-
Reagan County Texas (1)
-
West Texas (1)
-
Zavala County Texas (1)
-
-
Utah (4)
-
Vermont (3)
-
Virginia
-
Accomack County Virginia (6)
-
Albemarle County Virginia (8)
-
Alleghany County Virginia (2)
-
Amelia County Virginia (10)
-
Amherst County Virginia (2)
-
Arlington County Virginia (1)
-
Augusta County Virginia (12)
-
Bath County Virginia (8)
-
Bedford County Virginia (3)
-
Bland County Virginia (2)
-
Botetourt County Virginia (6)
-
Brunswick County Virginia (1)
-
Buchanan County Virginia (2)
-
Buckingham County Virginia (5)
-
Campbell County Virginia (5)
-
Caroline County Virginia (2)
-
Carroll County Virginia (4)
-
Charles City County Virginia (1)
-
Charlotte County Virginia (1)
-
Chesterfield County Virginia (4)
-
Clarke County Virginia (4)
-
Craig County Virginia (7)
-
Culpeper County Virginia (8)
-
Dinwiddie County Virginia (4)
-
Fairfax County Virginia (13)
-
Fauquier County Virginia (7)
-
Floyd County Virginia (3)
-
Fluvanna County Virginia (3)
-
Franklin County Virginia (3)
-
Frederick County Virginia (1)
-
Giles County Virginia (22)
-
Goochland County Virginia (9)
-
Grayson County Virginia (5)
-
Halifax County Virginia (1)
-
Hanover County Virginia (2)
-
Henrico County Virginia (7)
-
Highland County Virginia (15)
-
Isle of Wight County Virginia (4)
-
James City County Virginia (1)
-
King George County Virginia (5)
-
King William County Virginia (1)
-
Lee County Virginia (5)
-
Loudoun County Virginia (9)
-
Louisa County Virginia (46)
-
Madison County Virginia (5)
-
Mathews County Virginia (2)
-
Montgomery County Virginia
-
Blacksburg Virginia (1)
-
-
Nelson County Virginia (8)
-
New Kent County Virginia (2)
-
Norfolk Virginia (2)
-
Northampton County Virginia
-
Oyster Virginia (7)
-
-
Northumberland County Virginia (2)
-
Orange County Virginia (5)
-
Page County Virginia (2)
-
Pamunkey River (3)
-
Patrick County Virginia (1)
-
Petersburg Virginia (2)
-
Pittsylvania County Virginia (12)
-
Powhatan County Virginia (4)
-
Prince George County Virginia (2)
-
Prince William County Virginia (7)
-
Pulaski County Virginia (10)
-
Rappahannock County Virginia (4)
-
Rappahannock River (3)
-
Richmond Virginia (7)
-
Roanoke County Virginia (8)
-
Rockbridge County Virginia (9)
-
Rockingham County Virginia (9)
-
Russell County Virginia (2)
-
Scott County Virginia (2)
-
Shenandoah County Virginia (6)
-
Shenandoah National Park (1)
-
Smyth County Virginia (4)
-
Spotsylvania County Virginia (2)
-
Stafford County Virginia (7)
-
Surry County Virginia (3)
-
Sussex County Virginia (1)
-
Tazewell County Virginia (7)
-
Virginia Beach Virginia (2)
-
Warren County Virginia (6)
-
Washington County Virginia (1)
-
Waynesboro Virginia (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (14)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (18)
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Reptilia
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Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Mosasauridae (1)
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Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Dicynodontia (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
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coprolites (2)
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Cyclostomata (1)
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Graptolithina
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Hemichordata (1)
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ichnofossils
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Skolithos (2)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Mandibulata
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Cirripedia (3)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Exopterygota
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Orthoptera (1)
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Myriapoda (1)
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Ptychopariida
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Hydrozoa (2)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Astarte (3)
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Nuculanidae (1)
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Ostreoidea
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Crassostrea virginica (2)
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Pterioida
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Cephalopoda
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Gastropoda
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Porifera
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Protista
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Rotaliina
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Rotaliacea
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Elphidium
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Elphidium excavatum (1)
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Textulariina
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Radiolaria
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Osculosida
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Vermes
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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Coniferales
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Taxodium (1)
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problematic fossils
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Pleistocene
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upper Pleistocene
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Wisconsinan (3)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (4)
-
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Tertiary
-
Arikareean (1)
-
lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
-
Cohansey Formation (1)
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Miocene
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Barstovian (1)
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Calvert Formation (31)
-
lower Miocene
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Burdigalian (1)
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Hemingfordian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Choptank Formation (21)
-
-
Saint Marys Formation (23)
-
upper Miocene
-
Eastover Formation (12)
-
Santa Margarita Formation (1)
-
Tortonian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene
-
Chowan River Formation (7)
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Piacenzian (1)
-
-
Yorktown Formation (24)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Castle Hayne Limestone (2)
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Jacksonian (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Aquia Formation (17)
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Hatchetigbee Formation (1)
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Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
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Claiborne Group (1)
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Cook Mountain Formation (1)
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Lisbon Formation (2)
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Lutetian (1)
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Santee Limestone (1)
-
-
Nanjemoy Formation (12)
-
upper Eocene
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Jackson Group (1)
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Moodys Branch Formation (2)
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Piney Point Formation (7)
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Yazoo Clay (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
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lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
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Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
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Danian (3)
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K-T boundary (3)
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middle Paleocene
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-
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upper Paleocene
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Landenian (1)
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (5)
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Chesapeake Group (17)
-
Tamiami Formation (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (2)
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Laurentide ice sheet (1)
-
Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (2)
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-
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Potomac Group (10)
-
Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian (5)
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Cenomanian
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lower Cenomanian (1)
-
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Gulfian
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Eagle Ford Formation (3)
-
-
K-T boundary (3)
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Maestrichtian (5)
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Magothy Formation (2)
-
Marshalltown Formation (1)
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Monmouth Group (1)
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Raritan Formation (3)
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Santonian (2)
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Senonian (6)
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Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
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Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
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Feltville Formation (1)
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Hampden Basalt (1)
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Holyoke Basalt (1)
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Portland Formation (1)
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Toarcian (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
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upper Liassic (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
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Bossier Formation (1)
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Haynesville Formation (1)
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Kimmeridge Clay (1)
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Morrison Formation (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
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Newark Supergroup (12)
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Triassic
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Ladinian (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (6)
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Norian (4)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Bedford Shale (4)
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Berea Sandstone (13)
-
Cambrian
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Conasauga Group (3)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Antietam Formation (5)
-
Chilhowee Group (6)
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Rome Formation (11)
-
Shady Dolomite (8)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (2)
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Copper Ridge Dolomite (3)
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Dresbachian (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (3)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
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-
-
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-
Mississippian
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Big Injun Sandstone (1)
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Borden Group (8)
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Logan Formation (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (3)
-
Kinderhookian (5)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (9)
-
Tournaisian (2)
-
-
Middle Mississippian (1)
-
Newman Limestone (5)
-
Price Formation (8)
-
Sunbury Shale (7)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
-
Greenbrier Limestone (14)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Hinton Formation (5)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (7)
-
Meramecian (2)
-
Pennington Formation (7)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (14)
-
Freeport Formation (1)
-
Kittanning Formation (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Lee Formation (5)
-
New River Formation (5)
-
Pocahontas Formation (8)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (16)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Breathitt Formation (8)
-
Desmoinesian (3)
-
Kanawha Formation (13)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Monongahela Group (13)
-
Pittsburgh Coal (3)
-
Pottsville Group (9)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Ames Limestone (2)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Missourian (2)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Westphalian (6)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (4)
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Coeymans Formation (1)
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (3)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (12)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (3)
-
Hamilton Group (4)
-
Mahantango Formation (4)
-
Marcellus Shale (22)
-
Onondaga Limestone (8)
-
Tully Limestone (4)
-
-
Millboro Shale (4)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (4)
-
Chemung Formation (5)
-
Cleveland Member (4)
-
Famennian (5)
-
Frasnian (4)
-
Hampshire Formation (8)
-
Huron Member (8)
-
Ohio Shale (16)
-
West Falls Formation (2)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (8)
-
Helderberg Group (8)
-
Keyser Limestone (7)
-
Knox Group (8)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (5)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (5)
-
Conococheague Formation (15)
-
Glenarm Series (8)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (4)
-
Wilmington Complex (5)
-
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Clays Ferry Formation (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lexington Limestone (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (5)
-
Kingsport Formation (1)
-
Mascot Dolomite (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (9)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (1)
-
Blackriverian (2)
-
Bromide Formation (2)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (3)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (4)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Schenectady Formation (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (5)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Juniata Formation (7)
-
Katian (3)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Reedsville Formation (2)
-
Sandbian (2)
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Trentonian (7)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian
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Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian (3)
-
-
Petersburg Granite (1)
-
Rondout Formation (3)
-
Silurian
-
Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Lockport Formation (3)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (5)
-
Llandovery (6)
-
Tuscarora Formation (10)
-
Wenlock (3)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (3)
-
Keefer Sandstone (7)
-
McKenzie Formation (7)
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
Rose Hill Formation (4)
-
-
Niagaran (4)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (3)
-
Williamsport Sandstone (1)
-
-
Pridoli (2)
-
Salina Group (3)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic (5)
-
Wissahickon Formation (4)
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (5)
-
Precambrian
-
Baltimore Gneiss (10)
-
Catoctin Formation (15)
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Eocambrian (2)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic (12)
-
Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (1)
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Ediacaran (1)
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Lynchburg Formation (3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
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hypabyssal rocks (1)
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kimberlite (3)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (4)
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diabase (5)
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diorites
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quartz diorites (1)
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tonalite (1)
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gabbros
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norite (2)
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granites
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charnockite (1)
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granodiorites (4)
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monzonites
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pegmatite (11)
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ultramafics
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peridotites
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dunite (2)
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lherzolite (1)
-
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pyroxenite
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websterite (2)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
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adakites (1)
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andesites (2)
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basalts
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
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olivine basalt (1)
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tholeiite (1)
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glasses (3)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (3)
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rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (3)
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volcanic ash (5)
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-
metamorphic rocks
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K-bentonite (6)
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metabentonite (3)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (6)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (3)
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biotite gneiss (2)
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orthogneiss (2)
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granulites (3)
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impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (8)
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marbles (5)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metagranite (3)
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metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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greisen (1)
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metavolcanic rocks (4)
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mylonites
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phyllites (4)
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quartzites
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ferruginous quartzite (1)
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schists
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greenstone (1)
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slates (3)
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ophiolite (3)
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meteorites
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iron meteorites (1)
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pallasite
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Brenham Meteorite (1)
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-
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stony meteorites
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achondrites (1)
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
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alloys
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electrum (1)
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arsenates
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scorodite (1)
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (1)
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carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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calcite (9)
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dolomite (13)
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pyroaurite (1)
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strontianite (2)
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-
halides
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chlorides
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halite (1)
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fluorides
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bastnaesite (1)
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-
-
K-bentonite (6)
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metabentonite (3)
-
minerals (27)
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native elements
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graphite (1)
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oxides
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anatase (3)
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corundum (1)
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gahnite (2)
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goethite (4)
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hydroxides
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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ilmenite (6)
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iron oxides (5)
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jacobsite (1)
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martite (1)
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niobates (2)
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rutile (4)
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spinel (4)
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-
-
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phosphates
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apatite (9)
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monazite (4)
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vivianite (4)
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wavellite (1)
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silicates
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asbestos (2)
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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hornblende (2)
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tremolite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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clinoenstatite (1)
-
diopside (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
hypersthene (2)
-
-
-
rhodonite group
-
babingtonite (1)
-
-
xonotlite (1)
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (1)
-
-
plagioclase
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albite (4)
-
-
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silica minerals
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quartz (5)
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tridymite (1)
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zeolite group
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analcime (1)
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stilbite (2)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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chloritoid (1)
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garnet group (1)
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kyanite (3)
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olivine group
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fayalite (1)
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laihunite (1)
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-
phenakite group
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phenakite (1)
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-
staurolite (4)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (24)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
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chevkinite group
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chevkinite (1)
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perrierite (1)
-
-
epidote group
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allanite (2)
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epidote (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
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tourmaline group (1)
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-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (5)
-
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clay minerals
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kaolinite (3)
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illite (5)
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margarite (2)
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mica group
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biotite (3)
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glauconite (6)
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paragonite (1)
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phlogopite (1)
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serpentine group
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talc (3)
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sulfates
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celestine (1)
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rozenite (1)
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sulfides
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bornite (1)
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tetrahedrite (1)
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sulfarsenites
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tennantite (1)
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (62)
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Africa
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Quebec
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (19)
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organic carbon (9)
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Caribbean region
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Cohansey Formation (1)
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Miocene
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Calvert Formation (31)
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lower Miocene
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-
middle Miocene
-
Choptank Formation (21)
-
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Saint Marys Formation (23)
-
upper Miocene
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Eastover Formation (12)
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Tortonian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene
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Chowan River Formation (7)
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Piacenzian (1)
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Yorktown Formation (24)
-
-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene
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Castle Hayne Limestone (2)
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lower Eocene
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Aquia Formation (17)
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Hatchetigbee Formation (1)
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middle Eocene
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Claiborne Group (1)
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Nanjemoy Formation (12)
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upper Eocene
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Jackson Group (1)
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Moodys Branch Formation (2)
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Yazoo Clay (1)
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Oligocene
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Paleocene
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (5)
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upper Tertiary (1)
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upper Cenozoic
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Chesapeake Group (17)
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Central America
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Chordata
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Osteichthyes
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Tetrapoda
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Reptilia
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Synapsida
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clay mineralogy (19)
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
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Leg 95
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DSDP Site 612 (1)
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Invertebrata
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Ostracoda
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Insecta
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Brachiopoda
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Mollusca
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Nuculanidae (1)
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Ostreoidea
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Crassostrea virginica (2)
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Pterioida
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Cephalopoda
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Gastropoda
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Porifera
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Stromatoporoidea (7)
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Protista
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Rotaliina
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Rotaliacea
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Elphidium
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Elphidium excavatum (1)
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Ammobaculites (1)
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Radiolaria
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Osculosida
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Nassellina (1)
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Spumellina (1)
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Silicoflagellata (2)
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Vermes
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stable isotopes
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Be-10/Be-9 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (19)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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land subsidence (6)
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Malay Archipelago
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (2)
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Potomac Group (10)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian (5)
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Cenomanian
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lower Cenomanian (1)
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Gulfian
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Eagle Ford Formation (3)
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-
K-T boundary (3)
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Maestrichtian (5)
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Magothy Formation (2)
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Marshalltown Formation (1)
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Monmouth Group (1)
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Navesink Formation (2)
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Raritan Formation (3)
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Santonian (2)
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Senonian (6)
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Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
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Turonian (1)
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-
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Feltville Formation (1)
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Hampden Basalt (1)
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Holyoke Basalt (1)
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Portland Formation (1)
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Toarcian (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
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upper Liassic (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Bossier Formation (1)
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Haynesville Formation (1)
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Kimmeridge Clay (1)
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Morrison Formation (1)
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lower Mesozoic (2)
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Newark Supergroup (12)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic (1)
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Ladinian (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (6)
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Norian (4)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
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metal ores
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (5)
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (2)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (2)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (14)
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aluminum
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Al-26 (1)
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antimony (1)
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arsenic (2)
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chromium
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Cr-51 (1)
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copper (6)
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hafnium
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iron
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
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manganese (9)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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marbles (5)
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Mexico
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noble gases
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Rn-222 (1)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (89)
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Appalachians
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Valley and Ridge Province (70)
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Canadian Shield
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Pacific Ocean
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Paleozoic
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Bedford Shale (4)
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Berea Sandstone (13)
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Cambrian
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Conasauga Group (3)
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Lower Cambrian
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Antietam Formation (5)
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Chilhowee Group (6)
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Rome Formation (11)
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Shady Dolomite (8)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (2)
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Pioche Shale (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Copper Ridge Dolomite (3)
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Dresbachian (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (3)
-
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
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Middle Carboniferous (1)
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Mississippian
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Big Injun Sandstone (1)
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Borden Group (8)
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Logan Formation (2)
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Lower Mississippian
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Cuyahoga Formation (3)
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Kinderhookian (5)
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Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (9)
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Tournaisian (2)
-
-
Middle Mississippian (1)
-
Newman Limestone (5)
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Price Formation (8)
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Sunbury Shale (7)
-
Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
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Imo Formation (1)
-
-
Greenbrier Limestone (14)
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Heath Formation (1)
-
Hinton Formation (5)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (7)
-
Meramecian (2)
-
Pennington Formation (7)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (14)
-
Freeport Formation (1)
-
Kittanning Formation (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
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Lee Formation (5)
-
New River Formation (5)
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Pocahontas Formation (8)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (16)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Breathitt Formation (8)
-
Desmoinesian (3)
-
Kanawha Formation (13)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Monongahela Group (13)
-
Pittsburgh Coal (3)
-
Pottsville Group (9)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Ames Limestone (2)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Missourian (2)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Westphalian (6)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (4)
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Coeymans Formation (1)
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Emsian (2)
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Lochkovian (3)
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Manlius Formation (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (12)
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Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (3)
-
Hamilton Group (4)
-
Mahantango Formation (4)
-
Marcellus Shale (22)
-
Onondaga Limestone (8)
-
Tully Limestone (4)
-
-
Millboro Shale (4)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (4)
-
Chemung Formation (5)
-
Cleveland Member (4)
-
Famennian (5)
-
Frasnian (4)
-
Hampshire Formation (8)
-
Huron Member (8)
-
Ohio Shale (16)
-
West Falls Formation (2)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (8)
-
Helderberg Group (8)
-
Keyser Limestone (7)
-
Knox Group (8)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (5)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (5)
-
Conococheague Formation (15)
-
Glenarm Series (8)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (4)
-
Wilmington Complex (5)
-
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Clays Ferry Formation (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
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Lexington Limestone (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (5)
-
Kingsport Formation (1)
-
Mascot Dolomite (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (9)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (1)
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Blackriverian (2)
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Bromide Formation (2)
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Chazyan (1)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (3)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (4)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Schenectady Formation (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (5)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Juniata Formation (7)
-
Katian (3)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Reedsville Formation (2)
-
Sandbian (2)
-
Trentonian (7)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
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Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian
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Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian (3)
-
-
Petersburg Granite (1)
-
Rondout Formation (3)
-
Silurian
-
Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Lockport Formation (3)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (5)
-
Llandovery (6)
-
Tuscarora Formation (10)
-
Wenlock (3)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (3)
-
Keefer Sandstone (7)
-
McKenzie Formation (7)
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
Rose Hill Formation (4)
-
-
Niagaran (4)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (3)
-
Williamsport Sandstone (1)
-
-
Pridoli (2)
-
Salina Group (3)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic (5)
-
Wissahickon Formation (4)
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Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
palynology (3)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (3)
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Chitinozoa (1)
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Dinoflagellata (16)
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paragenesis (9)
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petroleum
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shale oil (3)
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petrology (92)
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Plantae
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Discoasteridae (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (2)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Taxodium (1)
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plate tectonics (30)
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Precambrian
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Baltimore Gneiss (10)
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic (12)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (1)
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Lynchburg Formation (3)
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-
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problematic fossils
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Pterobranchia (1)
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packstone (6)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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weathering crust (1)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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argillite (2)
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arkose (2)
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biogenic structures
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banks (1)
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rock formations
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sedimentary rocks
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chemically precipitated rocks
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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argillite (2)
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coal
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biogenic structures
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banks (1)
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (8)
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cyclothems (5)
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flaser bedding (1)
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imbrication (2)
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laminations (6)
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primary structures (1)
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secondary structures
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concretions (7)
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stylolites (4)
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seismites (1)
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soft sediment deformation
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ball-and-pillow (1)
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stratification (2)
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striations (2)
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tracks (5)
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sediments
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greensand (1)
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oolite (2)
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sediments
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GeoRef Categories
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High-Resolution Fault Geometry and Motion of the August 23, 2011, M w 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, Aftershock Sequence Revealed Using Double-Difference and Moment-Tensor Inversion Methods
Beyond boundaries: Depositional environment controls on erodibility, process, and form in rivers incising sedimentary bedrock
Changes in soils and terrestrial landscapes of the Appalachian Basin (Conemaugh, Monongahela, and Dunkard groups), U.S.A., at the onset of the late Paleozoic climate transition
Precipitation Patterns, Mountaintop Removal Mining, and the July 2022 North Fork Kentucky River Flood
Using the geoheritage framework to explore the intersection of diverse legacies at Grand Caverns, Virginia, USA
Abstract Grand Caverns is the oldest show cave in continuous operation in the contiguous United States. Discovered in 1804, Grand Caverns has been offering at least one tour per year continuously from 1806 until now. For more than two centuries Grand Caverns – which is host to diverse and uncommon solution cave speleothems, such as cave shields – has served as the centre for multidisciplinary research related to limestones in Virginia and has accrued historical accounts relevant to the Shenandoah Valley (nestled between the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Allegheny Mountains to the west) in the Commonwealth of Virginia. In this article, we explore the geological, historical, mapping and geotourism legacies of Grand Caverns, using its geoheritage as a narrative framework. In addition, we discuss the intersection of historical and diverse concurrent heritages at Grand Caverns and their relevance for understanding national show caves and cave development processes, and we share ongoing efforts towards the construction of a proposal to elevate Grand Caverns to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage list.
Abstract The Great Valley of Virginia (GVV) is a section of a much larger geological structure that spans from the northeastern USA through the mid-Atlantic and to the SE. While the structural formation of the region represents nearly 1.2 billion years of geological history, the rocks that remain record vast cycles of tectonic change. The legacy of that geology is a rich and aesthetically attractive region that has drawn many peoples over time to its agricultural fertility and geological resources. This contribution traces the geological development of the GVV, the relationship of the GVV to the peoples, both indigenous and European colonizers, who have inhabited the GVV over thousands of years and the geological resources that the inhabitants found. Although relatively under-expressed from a geoheritage perspective, the GVV possesses a rich legacy of how its resources supported each society's needs and interests and the role its geological environment has played at critical moments in the historical development of the USA over the last 400 years.
Benthic Foraminiferal Community Changes Across the Miocene Climatic Optimum Identified by Shebi Analysis (She Analysis for Biozone Identification), Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, USA
Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Dynamics of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain Prior to and During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
Imaging Left‐Lateral and Reverse Near‐Surface Slip of the 2020 M w 5.1 Sparta, North Carolina, Earthquake
Tidal dissipation morphodynamic feedback triggers loss of microtidal marshes
Nannofossil imprints across the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Simultaneous well spacing and completion optimization using an automated machine learning approach. A case study of the Marcellus Shale reservoir, northeastern United States
Earthquake Rupture Forecast Model Construction for the 2023 U.S. 50‐State National Seismic Hazard Model Update: Central and Eastern U.S. Fault‐Based Source Model
Procedure for locating oil and gas wells in the Appalachian Basin
First-order CO 2 trapping characteristics of fold-and-thrust belts: Assessing carbon storage potential in the Appalachian Basin and beyond
Development of fracture diagnostic methods for fluid distribution based on quantitative interpretation of distributed acoustic sensing and distributed temperature sensing
Radial Anisotropy in Receiver Function H ‐ κ Stacks
ABSTRACT The Fernow Experimental Forest (the “Fernow”) is an 1860-ha (4600-acre) research forested watershed in Parsons, West Virginia, USA. The Fernow has been in operation since 1934 and has historically been the site of timbering and silvicultural research programs. Beginning in the 1950s, a water quality research program was established in the Fernow to assess the effects of different forestry management techniques on water quantity and quality. As a result, most peer-reviewed research from the Fernow has focused on water quality data directly related to forestry efforts with little mention of the effects of geology, hydrogeology, or climate on water resources in the Fernow. Further, the Fernow is representative of Appalachian headwater mountain watersheds and is a protected and secure research site in the greater Monongahela National Forest. This, in combination with the long-term data records from the water research program, make the Fernow an ideal location for further geologic and hydrologic investigations in forested mountain watersheds. The geology of the Fernow is dominated by moderately dipping Paleozoic-aged strata with local karst features (e.g., springs) occurring in one unit. The hydrology of the Fernow consists of intermittent and perennial streams that are reactive to seasonal weather patterns. This field guide serves as an overview of the geology and hydrology of the Fernow and surrounding region to be used as a teaching and recruitment tool to advance the geologic understanding of Allegheny Mountain headwaters.
Rare Earth and Critical Element Chemistry of the Volcanic Ash-fall Parting in the Fire Clay Coal, Eastern Kentucky, USA
Proterozoic and Paleozoic evolution of the Blue Ridge geologic province in northern Virginia, USA
ABSTRACT This field guide presents a one-day trip across the northern Virginia Blue Ridge geologic province and highlights published geologic mapping of Mesoproterozoic rocks that constitute the core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium and Neoproterozoic cover-sequence rocks on the fold limbs. The guide presents zircon SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) U-Pb crystallization ages of granitoid rocks and discusses the tectonic and petrologic evolution of basement rocks during the Mesoproterozoic. U-Pb data show more of a continuum for Blue Ridge Mesoproterozoic magmatic events, from ca. 1.18–1.05 Ga, than previous U-Pb TIMS (thermal ionization mass spectrometry)-based models that had three distinct episodes of plutonic intrusion. All of the younger dated rocks are found west of the N-S–elongate batholith of the Neoproterozoic Robertson River Igneous Suite, suggesting that the batholith occupies a fundamental Mesoproterozoic crustal boundary that was likely a fault. Narrow belts of paragneiss may represent remnants of pre-intrusive country rock, but some were deposited close to 1 Ga according to detrital zircon U-Pb ages. For late Neoproterozoic geology, the guide focuses on lithologies and structures associated with early rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent, including small rift basins preserved on the eastern limb of the anticlinorium. These basins have locally thickened packages of clastic metasedimentary rocks that strike into and truncate abruptly against Mesoproterozoic basement along apparent steep normal faults. Both basement and cover were intruded by NE-SE–striking and steeply dipping, few-m-wide diabase dikes that were feeders to late Neoproterozoic Catoctin Formation metabasalt that overlies the rift sediments. The relatively weak dikes facilitated the deformation that led to the formation of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium during the middle to late Paleozoic as the vertical dikes were transposed and rotated during formation of the penetrative cleavage. This field trip generally follows the GSA guide published in GSA Field Guide 57 (available at https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa ): Burton, W.C., and Schindler, J.S., 2020, Proterozoic and Paleozoic evolution of the Blue Ridge geologic province in northern Virginia, USA, in Swezey, C.S., and Carter, M.W., eds., Geology Field Trips in and around the U.S. Capital: Geological Society of America Field Guide 57, p. 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1130/2020.0057(01) .