ABSTRACT This one-day field trip will visit northern Erie County in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA, and is divided into two parts. The first part will highlight brittle and ductile deformation preserved in Upper Devonian bedrock. It is possible that this deformation occurred in relation to the Alleghenian orogeny during the late Paleozoic. However, some of this deformation displays possible evidence of postdating Wisconsin glaciation, but this interpretation is speculative and based largely on possible topographic disruption of Quaternary river terrace deposits. Morphologic characteristics of outcrops in creeks that expose these tectonic structures will be used as a starting point to discuss structure origin, timing, and their implications. The second part of the trip will visit Erie Bluffs State Park (EBSP) and will examine ongoing mass wasting of bluffs along the southern Lake Erie shoreline. The timing (as determined from dendrochronological analyses) and styles of mass wasting that have occurred at EBSP will be discussed and compared to two other locations along Pennsylvania’s Lake Erie shoreline. An appended road log serves as a geologic guide to the features and processes highlighted on this trip.

ABSTRACT During the Pleistocene, the Laurentian Ice Sheet extended southward into northwestern Pennsylvania. This field trip identifies a number of periglacial features from the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley provinces that formed near the Pleistocene ice sheet front. Evidence of Pleistocene periglacial climate in this area includes glacial lake deposits in the Monongahela River valley near Morgantown, West Virginia, and Sphagnum peatlands, rock cities, and patterned ground in plateau areas surrounding the Upper Youghiogheny River basin in Garrett County, Maryland, and the Laurel Highlands of Somerset County, Pennsylvania, USA. In the high-lying basins of the Allegheny Mountains, Pleistocene peatlands still harbor species characteristic of more northerly latitudes due to local frost pocket conditions. Pleistocene fauna preserved in a cave deposit in Allegany County, Maryland, record a diverse mammalian assemblage indicative of taiga forest habitat in the Ridge and Valley province.

ABSTRACT With waterfalls and the deepest gorge in Pennsylvania, Ohiopyle State Park provides opportunities to observe a variety of habitats and three-dimensional (3-D) exposures of the Pennsylvanian sandstone most responsible for shaping Laurel Highlands landscapes. Evidence for the relationship between bedrock, ancient climates, and the landscape can be observed at some of the most scenic natural features of the park: Baughman Rock Overlook, Cucumber Falls, Ohiopyle Falls, Meadow Run Waterslide and Cascades, and Youghiogheny River Entrance Rapid. Channel azimuths and lateral variations in thickness of upper Pottsville fluvial/deltaic sandstone suggest that deposition was influenced by deformation of this part of the Allegheny Plateau during the Alleghanian orogeny. Geologic features of Pottsville sandstone outcrops include a 10-m- (~33-ft-) long Lepidodendron fossil and a 3-D exposure of a meter-high Pennsylvanian subaqueous sand dune and scour pit. Cosmogenic age dating has indicated very slow erosion of hard sandstone in an upland location at Turtlehead Rock and informed estimation of Pleistocene/Holocene waterfall retreat rates of Ohiopyle and Cucumber Falls. Bedrock exposures supporting scour habitats along the Youghiogheny River occur only in a limited area of Youghiogheny Gorge where knickpoint migration and bedrock erosion were relatively recent. Geologic factors, including locations of major tributaries, development of bars that constrict river flow, and proximity of Homewood sandstone outcrops as sources of boulder obstacles in the river, contributed to the class, location, and nature of whitewater rapids in the lower Youghiogheny River.

ABSTRACT The North American continent has a rich geologic record that preserves evidence for tectonic processes throughout much of Earth’s history. Within this long history, however, particular times—e.g., “turning points”—have had specific and lasting impact on the evolution of Laurentia (ancestral North America). This volume is focused on seven of these “turning points”: (1) The Neoarchean (2.7–2.5 Ga), characterized by cratonization and the Kenoran orogen(s); (2) the Paleoproterozoic (1.9–1.7 Ga) and the initial assembly of Laurentia; (3) the Mesoproterozoic (1.5–1.4 Ga) Andean-style margin on the southern edge of Laurentia with the Pinware-Baraboo-Picuris orogeny; (4) the 1.2–1.0 Ga Midcontinent rift, and the Grenville orogeny and assembly of Rodinia; (5) the 700–500 Ma Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia; (6) the mid-Paleozoic (420–340 Ma) closure of the Iapetus and Rheic oceans and the development of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen; and (7) the Jurassic–Paleogene (200–50 Ma) assembly of the North American Cordilleran margin by terrane accretion and subduction. The assembled chapters provide syntheses of current understanding of the geologic evolution of Laurentia and North America, as well as new hypotheses for testing. The inclusion of work from different geological time periods within a single volume provides continent-wide perspectives on the evolution of tectonic events and processes that acted on and within Laurentia.

The North American continent has a rich record of the tectonic environments and processes that occur throughout much of Earth history. This Memoir focuses on seven “turning points” that had specific and lasting impacts on the evolution of Laurentia: (1) The Neoarchean, characterized by cratonization; (2) the Paleoproterozoic and the initial assembly of Laurentia; (3) the Mesoproterozoic southern margin of Laurentia; (4) the Midcontinent rift and the Grenville orogeny; (5) the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia; (6) the mid-Paleozoic phases of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen; and (7) the Jurassic–Paleogene assembly of the North American Cordillera. The chapters in this Memoir provide syntheses of current understanding of the geologic evolution of Laurentia and North America, as well as new hypotheses for testing.