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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Atlantic Ocean
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Canada
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Primary terms
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Devonian
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ABSTRACT During the Pleistocene, the Laurentian Ice Sheet extended southward into northwestern Pennsylvania. This field trip identifies a number of periglacial features from the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley provinces that formed near the Pleistocene ice sheet front. Evidence of Pleistocene periglacial climate in this area includes glacial lake deposits in the Monongahela River valley near Morgantown, West Virginia, and Sphagnum peatlands, rock cities, and patterned ground in plateau areas surrounding the Upper Youghiogheny River basin in Garrett County, Maryland, and the Laurel Highlands of Somerset County, Pennsylvania, USA. In the high-lying basins of the Allegheny Mountains, Pleistocene peatlands still harbor species characteristic of more northerly latitudes due to local frost pocket conditions. Pleistocene fauna preserved in a cave deposit in Allegany County, Maryland, record a diverse mammalian assemblage indicative of taiga forest habitat in the Ridge and Valley province.
Skempton’s poroelastic relaxation: The mechanism that accounts for the distribution of pore pressure and exhumation-related fractures in black shale of the Appalachian Basin
Application of 3D seismic attribute analysis to structure interpretation and hydrocarbon exploration southwest Pennsylvania, Central Appalachian Basin: A case study
Dissolved methane in shallow groundwater of the Appalachian Basin: Results from the Chesapeake Energy predrilling geochemical database
Mantle Xenocrysts from the Masontown, Pennsylvania Kimberlite: an Ordinary Mantle with Si-enriched Spinel
Phylogenetics, Systematics, Paleoecology, and Evolution of the Trilobite Genera Paladin and Kaskia from the United States
Reinterpreted Oriskany Structure at the North Summit Field, Chestnut Ridge Anticline, Pennsylvania
Bioturbation in an active deep-sea area; implications for models of trace fossil tiering
Installation of a Large Diameter Reinforced Concrete Pipe by Jacking Methods
Technical Note
Bivalves (Mollusca) from the Mauch Chunk Group (Mississippian, Chesterian) of northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania
Platinum-iron alloy (Pt 3 Fe) in kimberlite from Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Latest Devonian-earliest Mississippian nearshore trace-fossil assemblages from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
Kimberlites in the eastern United States contain two suites of megacrysts/inclusions that are mineralogically similar but compositionally distinct. One suite (olivine, garnet, diopside, Cr-spinel) has higher Cr and Mg than the other (olivine, garnet, diopside, picroilmenite). Based on detailed petrologic studies of megacrysts from the Fayette County, Pennsylvania, kimberlite, Hunter and Taylor (1984) suggested that these two suites represent the crystallization products of separate magmas that mixed in the low-velocity zone (LVZ) to form kimberlite magma. Major and trace element abundances of individual garnet megacrysts from eastern U.S. kimberlites (i.e., from Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee) support the magma-mixing hypothesis but also indicate additional complications. Eclogite garnets have Cr 2 O 3 <0.3 wt.%, CaO >7 wt. %, and chondrite-normalized Lu/Hf <<1. Peridotite garnets have Cr 2 O 3 >2 wt.%, MG# >83, and chondrite-normalized Lu/Hf <1. Garnet megacrysts from Kentucky and Pennsylvania form two groups, one with TiO 2 <0.5 wt.%, and one with TiO 2 >0.5 wt.%. Both groups span a similar range in Cr 2 O 3 (≅ 1.0 to 9.0 wt.% Cr 2 O 3 ), but the high-Ti garnets may have Cr 2 O 3 as low as 0.1 wt.%. The low-Ti garnets have chondrite-normalized Lu/Hf <1 and are probably derived by the disaggregation of peridotite xenoliths and wall rock. The high-Ti garnet megacrysts have chondrite-normalized Lu/Hf ≥1 and are interpreted here as cognate “phenocrysts” that crystallized in a kimberlite or proto-kimberlite magma. Two suites of high-Ti garnet megacrysts are recognized: a low-Cr to very low-Cr suite (Cr 2 O 3 <4 wt.%) with flat to slightly positive heavy rare-earth element (HREE) slopes, and a high-Cr suite with steeply negative HREE slopes. These suites correspond to the “Cr-poor” and “Cr-rich” suites, respectively, defined by Hunter and Taylor (1984) for the Pennsylvania kimberlite. These data are consistent with the mixing of two magma batches to form kimberlite, as proposed by Hunter and Taylor (1984). Mixing prpobably occurred in the LVZ prior to eruption of the hybrid kimberlite magma.