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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Case Histories of Gpr For Animal Burrows Mapping and Geometry
Hydrological and Geophysical Investigation of Streamflow Losses and Restoration Strategies in an Abandoned Mine Lands Setting
Silurian vegetation stature and density inferred from fossil soils and plants in Pennsylvania, USA
EFFECTS OF SULFUR-FOR-SELENIUM SUBSTITUTION ON THE STRUCTURE OF LAPHAMITE, As 2 (Se,S) 3
Abstract Centralia is in Pennsylvania’s western middle anthracite field, a large synclinorium in Columbia and Schuylkill Counties. Centralia residents set fire to a landfill at the edge of town in 1962, thereby igniting the Buck Mountain coal bed. Laurel Run is in Pennsylvania’s northern anthracite field, on the northwest-dipping limb of the Wyoming Valley syncline. In 1915, a miner’s abandoned carbide lamp started a fire at Laurel Run, igniting the Red Ash, Top Red Ash, and Bottom Ross coal beds. The Centralia and Laurel Run fires are burning out of control. Subsidence and the venting of toxic gases have destroyed large sections of each community. Because the Centralia fire started in the hinge zone of an anticline separating two synclines in the Western Middle Field, it spread in four directions. The Laurel Run fire occurred on one limb of a syncline, limiting its spread to two directions. At Centralia, the steeper-dipping beds permitted the fire to reach a greater depth more rapidly than at Laurel Run. In addition, the point of origin and steeper dip at Centralia make this fire more difficult to control, even though only one coal bed is burning. A historical and sociological comparison of both communities shows that the people of Laurel Run had greater access to political power and more experience as a community in dealing with crises. Laurel Run secured more government support in combating the fire than Centralia did and so emerged from the fire as a more socially intact community. The present state of each fire further underscores how different geologic settings and social conditions can lead to different outcomes.
Abstract The underground mining of anthracite coal in the Llewellyn Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian) of Centralia, Pennsylvania began in the mid-1800s and lasted until 1933, as production declined and oil replaced coal as the fuel of choice for heating homes and businesses. Strip mining in the 1950s proved to be an unsuccessful competitor against oil as well as gas, also used as a heating fuel. Consequently, major mining operations in Centralia ended in 1962, followed by the transfer of mineral rights to the borough of Centralia and eventually to the state of Pennsylvania. The Centralia mine fire is a natural laboratory for studying coal fires from historical, scientific, and sociopolitical perspectives. The fire began in May 1962 when trash burning in an abandoned strip-mining cut used as an unregulated dump on the south limb of the Centralia syncline ignited the Buck Mountain coal bed. The fire then spread to mining tunnels beneath Centralia. Residents of Centralia were unable to develop a strategic plan with the U.S. Office of Surface Mining, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and state agencies for controlling or extinguishing the Centralia mine fire. Several factors including the fire’s elusive nature, fractures that circulate air to burning anthracite in the subsurface, the inexperience of town officials in dealing with state and federal officials, and the expense involved led to this impasse. Forty-two million dollars was appropriated by the U.S. Congress between 1985 and 1991 for Pennsylvania to relocate the remaining residents and businesses of Centralia because of the risk of subsidence and pollution associated with the fire. Although most of Centralia’s residents took advantage of the buyout, some did not. The few remaining homes that have not been demolished and the land occupied by the lingering residents now belong to Pennsylvania in accordance with the state’s declaration of eminent domain in 1992. Centralia has become a wasteland with scorched woodlands engulfed in minefire emissions. Forty-five organic and inorganic compounds were identified including the greenhouse gases methane and carbon dioxide and a number of toxins including carbon monoxide, benzene, toluene, and xylene. New mineral occurrences discovered in association with Pennsylvania’s coal fires include hydrobasaluminite and voltaite in the assemblage alunogen, voltaite, and hydrobasaluminite discovered at an active gas vent near one of two currently active fire fronts in Centralia.
Journey into anthracite
Abstract The thickest and most laterally continuous upper Carboniferous molasse in the central Appalachians is located in the Southern Anthracite Field of northeastern Pennsylvania. Substantial deposits extend throughout northeastern Pennsylvania where >90% of the total anthracite (original reserves) in the United States and the thickest coal beds of the eastern United States are located. The abundance of and demand for this resource allowed the region to prosper in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In Pottsville, Pennsylvania, the exposed Upper Mississippian to Middle Pennsylvanian molasse reveals a progressive evolution from a semiarid alluvial plain to a semihumid alluvial plain to a humid alluvial plain. The anthracite beds occur and thicken with increased humid conditions. The progression is also exposed in Tamaqua, Pennsylvania, where convenient access to the underlying Lower Mississippian strata is available, thus providing a section of all Carboniferous formations in the region. Finally, in Lansford, Pennsylvania, a renovated deep anthracite mine illustrates the historical methods and working conditions that existed to extract the valuable resource and allow the region to flourish and fuel the Industrial Revolution.