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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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East Africa
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Zambia (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Morocco
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Rif
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Sahara (1)
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Southern Africa
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Asia
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Central Asia
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Far East
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Atlantic Ocean
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Ontario
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Betic Cordillera
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Italy
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Timan Ridge (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Ireland (8)
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Scandinavia
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Finland
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Norway
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Sweden
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Skellefte mining district (1)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Pennines (1)
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Shropshire England (1)
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Warwickshire England (1)
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Scotland
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Aberdeenshire Scotland
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Huntly Scotland (1)
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Argyllshire Scotland (1)
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Great Glen Fault (2)
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Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
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Isle of Skye (1)
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Highland region Scotland
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Inverness-shire Scotland
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Isle of Skye (1)
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Moine thrust zone (2)
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Scottish Highlands
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Scottish Northern Highlands (2)
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Wales
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Gwynedd Wales
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Arenig (1)
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Merionethshire Wales
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Northern Ireland (2)
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Fogo (2)
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Mexico (1)
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North America
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Appalachians
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Northern Appalachians (83)
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Canadian Shield
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Superior Province
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Great Lakes
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Great Lakes region (1)
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Great Plains
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Grenville Front (6)
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Saint Pierre and Miquelon (5)
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Western Interior
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Pacific Ocean
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North Pacific
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West Pacific
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Pacific region (1)
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South America
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Amazonian Craton (3)
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Brazil
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New York
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Oregon (1)
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Texas
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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elements, isotopes
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chlorine
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fluorine (1)
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hydrogen
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isotope ratios (59)
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stable isotopes
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (16)
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S-34/S-32 (13)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (8)
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metals
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uranium
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alkali metals
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potassium (3)
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rubidium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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strontium
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arsenic (1)
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chromium (3)
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copper (5)
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gold (3)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
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iron (10)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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nitrogen (2)
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problematic microfossils (2)
-
scolecodonts (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (8)
-
Chitinozoa (7)
-
Dinoflagellata (3)
-
miospores
-
pollen (5)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
calcareous algae (2)
-
Chlorophyta (2)
-
Epiphyton (3)
-
nannofossils
-
Nannoconus (1)
-
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
-
Sphagnum (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Gymnospermae
-
Cordaitales (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
Pterobranchia (1)
-
thallophytes (15)
-
tracks (2)
-
trails (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (19)
-
fission-track dating (1)
-
K/Ar (12)
-
optical mineralogy (1)
-
paleomagnetism (50)
-
Pb/Pb (3)
-
Pb/Th (3)
-
Rb/Sr (20)
-
Re/Os (2)
-
Sm/Nd (6)
-
Th/U (1)
-
thermochronology (1)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
U/Pb (82)
-
U/Th/Pb (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Atlantic (1)
-
upper Holocene (3)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (5)
-
-
Wurm (2)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (2)
-
Paleocene (3)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
Dalradian (5)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (7)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (2)
-
Aptian (2)
-
Barremian (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Senonian (2)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic (1)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
Tommotian (2)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (14)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian
-
Jiangshanian (1)
-
Paibian (2)
-
-
Steptoean (6)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (12)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (3)
-
-
Macumber Formation (2)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (6)
-
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (35)
-
Devonian
-
Ackley Granite (3)
-
Levis Shale (3)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
Perry Formation (1)
-
-
-
Horton Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Bay of Islands Ophiolite (18)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (7)
-
Ordovician
-
Betts Cove Ophiolite (4)
-
Buchans Group (7)
-
Catoche Formation (5)
-
Davidsville Group (8)
-
Gander Lake Group (6)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (22)
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (2)
-
Floian (2)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Saint George Group (19)
-
Tremadocian (13)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (5)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Champlainian (1)
-
Chazyan (2)
-
Dapingian (2)
-
Darriwilian (9)
-
Llandeilian (4)
-
Llanvirnian (7)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Table Head Group (18)
-
Whiterockian (4)
-
Woods Hollow Shale (1)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Caradocian (4)
-
Katian (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
Wild Bight Group (3)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Pictou Group (1)
-
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (5)
-
Precambrian
-
Adirondack Anorthosite (1)
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
Nuk Gneiss (3)
-
Paleoarchean (2)
-
-
Eocambrian (2)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (1)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Harbour Main Group (3)
-
Sokoman Formation (4)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Huronian
-
Signal Hill Formation (2)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Helikian (3)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (45)
-
Hadrynian
-
Fourchu Group (1)
-
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Moine Supergroup (2)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (21)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
granophyre (1)
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (11)
-
diabase (12)
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (1)
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (9)
-
trondhjemite (8)
-
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (8)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (3)
-
alaskite (1)
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (2)
-
biotite granite (2)
-
charnockite (1)
-
felsite (1)
-
I-type granites (3)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
microgranite (2)
-
S-type granites (2)
-
-
granodiorites (7)
-
lamprophyres (7)
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (6)
-
quartz monzonite (2)
-
syenites
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (2)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (6)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (3)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (4)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
spilite (1)
-
-
flood basalts (2)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
-
tholeiite (6)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses (1)
-
keratophyre (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (3)
-
ignimbrite (3)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (10)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites
-
pantellerite (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (61)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites
-
orthoamphibolite (1)
-
-
eclogite (1)
-
gneisses
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (7)
-
paragneiss (7)
-
-
granulites (2)
-
hornfels (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (3)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metagabbro (7)
-
metagranite (4)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (3)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (2)
-
metapelite (3)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (7)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (18)
-
migmatites (5)
-
mylonites (14)
-
phyllites (2)
-
quartzites (4)
-
schists
-
blueschist (1)
-
greenschist (3)
-
greenstone (2)
-
tourmalinite (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (61)
-
turbidite (14)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites (1)
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
electrum (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
-
borates
-
ulexite (2)
-
-
carbonates
-
calcite (7)
-
cerussite (1)
-
dolomite (3)
-
magnesian calcite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
eudialyte (1)
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (3)
-
topaz (1)
-
-
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
minerals (32)
-
molybdates
-
powellite (1)
-
-
native elements (1)
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (3)
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
chromite (3)
-
diaspore (1)
-
hematite (5)
-
ilmenite (3)
-
iron oxides (1)
-
limonite (1)
-
magnetite (2)
-
rutile (1)
-
sapphire (1)
-
specularite (1)
-
spinel (2)
-
uraninite (3)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (2)
-
monazite (5)
-
-
platinum minerals (1)
-
silicates
-
asbestos (1)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
aenigmatite (1)
-
sapphirine (2)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
arfvedsonite (4)
-
cummingtonite (1)
-
hornblende (14)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (2)
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
astrophyllite (1)
-
prehnite (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (1)
-
augite (3)
-
omphacite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
xonotlite (2)
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
-
plagioclase (4)
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (6)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
-
-
neptunite (2)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (8)
-
peridot (1)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (6)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (70)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
barylite (1)
-
epidote group
-
epidote (2)
-
piemontite (1)
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
cordierite (5)
-
emerald (1)
-
eudialyte (1)
-
milarite group
-
milarite (1)
-
osumilite (2)
-
-
tourmaline group (2)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (3)
-
-
clay minerals (1)
-
illite (3)
-
mica group
-
annite (1)
-
biotite (9)
-
glauconite (2)
-
muscovite (7)
-
phlogopite (2)
-
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
chrysotile (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
anhydrite (2)
-
barite (3)
-
gypsum (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (2)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (5)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pentlandite (2)
-
pyrite (9)
-
pyrrhotite (3)
-
sphalerite (6)
-
violarite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
wolframite (2)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (143)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif
-
Beni Bouchera (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahara (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (3)
-
Swaziland (1)
-
-
West Africa (3)
-
West African Shield (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean (1)
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Disko Island (1)
-
East Greenland (2)
-
Greenland ice sheet (1)
-
Isua Belt (1)
-
Northern Greenland (2)
-
Nuussuaq Peninsula (1)
-
Skaergaard Intrusion (1)
-
West Greenland (3)
-
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (2)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Yunnan China
-
Jinning China (1)
-
-
-
Japan (3)
-
Mongolia
-
Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
-
Gobi Desert (1)
-
Himalayas (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India (2)
-
-
Middle East (1)
-
Popigay Structure (1)
-
Siberia (2)
-
Tien Shan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
associations (1)
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Baltimore Canyon (1)
-
Bay of Fundy (1)
-
Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone (1)
-
Flemish Cap (2)
-
Georges Bank (3)
-
Gulf of Saint Lawrence (12)
-
Hudson Bay (3)
-
Hudson Strait (2)
-
Jeanne d'Arc Basin (11)
-
Labrador Sea
-
Labrador Shelf (4)
-
-
North Sea (1)
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Hibernia Field (8)
-
-
Sable Island Bank (1)
-
Scotian Shelf (6)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Santos Basin (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Azores
-
Terceira Island (1)
-
-
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (5)
-
-
Atlantic region (16)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Amadeus Basin (1)
-
Georgina Basin (1)
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Century Deposit (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Fleurieu Peninsula (1)
-
Flinders Ranges (1)
-
-
Tasmania Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Kambalda Australia (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand (2)
-
-
barite deposits (4)
-
bibliography (4)
-
biogeography (17)
-
bitumens
-
asphalt (1)
-
-
boron (1)
-
brines (2)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (8)
-
Gander Zone (28)
-
James Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (30)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Antigonish County Nova Scotia (1)
-
Cape Breton Island (10)
-
Gays River Deposit (1)
-
Sable Island (1)
-
-
Prince Edward Island (4)
-
-
Meguma Terrane (5)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Kiglapait (2)
-
Kiglapait Intrusion (7)
-
Mistastin Lake (3)
-
Nain Massif (8)
-
Voisey's Bay Deposit (20)
-
-
Newfoundland
-
Avalon Peninsula (64)
-
Baie Verte Peninsula (16)
-
Buchans Newfoundland and Labrador (2)
-
Burin Peninsula (19)
-
Burlington Peninsula (7)
-
Daniel's Harbour Newfoundland and Labrador (2)
-
Great Northern Peninsula (11)
-
Humber Arm Allochthon (12)
-
New World Island (15)
-
Notre Dame Bay (32)
-
Port au Port Peninsula (48)
-
Saint John's Newfoundland and Labrador (2)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Algoma District Ontario
-
Elliot Lake Ontario (1)
-
-
Moose River basin (1)
-
Ottawa Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury Basin (1)
-
Sudbury District Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Anticosti Island (2)
-
Charlevoix (1)
-
Gaspe Peninsula (8)
-
Magdalen Islands (1)
-
Manicouagan Crater (1)
-
Morin Complex (1)
-
Pontiac County Quebec (1)
-
Saguenay County Quebec
-
Schefferville Quebec (1)
-
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec (1)
-
Thetford Mines (1)
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (3)
-
Labrador Trough (11)
-
Mackenzie Mountains (1)
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (8)
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Sverdrup Basin (1)
-
Ungava Bay (3)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Sverdrup Basin (1)
-
-
Torngat Mountains (1)
-
Ungava (5)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (3)
-
British Columbia (7)
-
Manitoba
-
Thompson nickel belt (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories (15)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (3)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (27)
-
C-14 (18)
-
organic carbon (5)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Puerto Rico (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Atlantic (1)
-
upper Holocene (3)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (5)
-
-
Wurm (2)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (2)
-
Paleocene (3)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
chemical analysis (5)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata (4)
-
-
clay mineralogy (3)
-
climate change (1)
-
construction materials
-
dimension stone (1)
-
-
continental drift (16)
-
continental shelf (39)
-
continental slope (15)
-
corundum deposits (1)
-
crust (89)
-
crystal chemistry (11)
-
crystal growth (4)
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Europe
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Italy
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Highland region Scotland
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Moine thrust zone (2)
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Wales
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Northern Ireland (2)
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faults (141)
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Graptolithina
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Didymograptina
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Monograptus (1)
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ground water (4)
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hydrogen
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igneous rocks
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trondhjemite (8)
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gabbros
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troctolite (8)
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granites
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adamellite (3)
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aplite (2)
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A-type granites (2)
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granodiorites (7)
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ultramafics
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pyroxenite
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porphyry (3)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites
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boninite (4)
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basalts
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alkali basalts
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flood basalts (2)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
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tholeiite (6)
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tholeiitic basalt (1)
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dacites (2)
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glasses (1)
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keratophyre (1)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (3)
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ignimbrite (3)
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tuff (10)
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rhyodacites (1)
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rhyolites
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pantellerite (1)
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (17)
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intrusions (128)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (3)
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
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Cirripedia (1)
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Ostracoda
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Leperditicopida (1)
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-
-
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Agnostida (2)
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Ptychopariida
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Olenidae (1)
-
-
-
-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Terebratulida
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Terebratulina (1)
-
-
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Inarticulata
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Lingula (1)
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-
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Bryozoa (4)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Tabulata (1)
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Hydrozoa (3)
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Scyphozoa (1)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (2)
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Hiatella
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Hiatella arctica (1)
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Veneroida
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Astartidae
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Astarte (1)
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-
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Mytilus
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Mytilus edulis (1)
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Cephalopoda (3)
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Gastropoda (6)
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Hyolithes (1)
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Monoplacophora (1)
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Rostroconchia (1)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (3)
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Hexactinellida (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Miliolina
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Miliolacea (1)
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Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea
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Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
-
-
-
-
Textulariina
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Lituolacea (1)
-
-
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Radiolaria
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Spumellina (1)
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Thecamoeba (1)
-
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Vermes
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Annelida (2)
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scolecodonts (2)
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-
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isostasy (2)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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C-14 (18)
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Cl-36 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (8)
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tritium (1)
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-
-
stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (27)
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D/H (2)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (16)
-
O-18/O-16 (36)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (13)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (8)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (12)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
lava (22)
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lineation (6)
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magmas (48)
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mantle (22)
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maps (19)
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marine geology (25)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (2)
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Aptian (2)
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Barremian (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Maestrichtian (2)
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Senonian (2)
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-
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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lower Liassic (1)
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Middle Jurassic (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Tithonian (1)
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-
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lower Mesozoic (1)
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middle Mesozoic (1)
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Triassic
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Upper Triassic (1)
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-
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metal ores
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antimony ores (1)
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base metals (13)
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chromite ores (3)
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copper ores (38)
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gold ores (27)
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iron ores (14)
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lead ores (10)
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lead-zinc deposits (9)
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molybdenum ores (5)
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nickel ores (17)
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platinum ores (1)
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polymetallic ores (11)
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pyrite ores (1)
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rare earth deposits (1)
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silver ores (10)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium (2)
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uranium
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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-
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alkali metals
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potassium (3)
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rubidium (1)
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-
alkaline earth metals
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magnesium (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (12)
-
-
-
arsenic (1)
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chromium (3)
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copper (5)
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gold (3)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
-
iron (10)
-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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manganese (3)
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mercury (1)
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niobium (2)
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platinum group
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iridium (1)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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palladium (1)
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platinum (1)
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platinum ores (1)
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rhodium (1)
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ruthenium (1)
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precious metals (5)
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rare earths
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europium (1)
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lutetium (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (16)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (8)
-
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (8)
-
-
yttrium (4)
-
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silver (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites
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eclogite (1)
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granulites (2)
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metaigneous rocks
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metadiabase (1)
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metagranite (4)
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metatuff (1)
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metaplutonic rocks (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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skarn (1)
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metavolcanic rocks (18)
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schists
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blueschist (1)
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greenschist (3)
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greenstone (2)
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tourmalinite (1)
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slates (1)
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metamorphism (88)
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minerals (32)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (10)
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nitrogen (2)
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noble gases
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helium
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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neon (1)
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nodules (1)
-
North America
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Appalachian Basin (1)
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Appalachians
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Central Appalachians (1)
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Northern Appalachians (83)
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Piedmont (1)
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Basin and Range Province (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Bear Province (1)
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Churchill Province (8)
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Grenville Province
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Central Gneiss Belt (1)
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-
Makkovik Province (3)
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Nain Province (12)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (1)
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-
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Great Lakes
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Lake Superior (1)
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Great Lakes region (1)
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Great Plains
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Northern Great Plains (1)
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Grenville Front (6)
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Humber Zone (20)
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Keweenawan Rift (1)
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North American Cordillera (1)
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North American Craton (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Bighorn Mountains (1)
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-
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (2)
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Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
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Saint Pierre and Miquelon (5)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (1)
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-
-
ocean basins (1)
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ocean circulation (3)
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ocean floors (7)
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ocean waves (1)
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oceanography (20)
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oil and gas fields (10)
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orogeny (76)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (36)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
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North Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Celebes Sea (1)
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-
-
West Pacific
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Indonesian Seas
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Celebes Sea (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Celebes Sea (1)
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-
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Pacific region (1)
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paleobotany (4)
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paleoclimatology (21)
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paleoecology (63)
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paleogeography (67)
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paleomagnetism (50)
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paleontology (62)
-
Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Acadian (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (1)
-
-
Tommotian (2)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (14)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian
-
Jiangshanian (1)
-
Paibian (2)
-
-
Steptoean (6)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (12)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (3)
-
-
Macumber Formation (2)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (6)
-
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (35)
-
Devonian
-
Ackley Granite (3)
-
Levis Shale (3)
-
Lower Devonian
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Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
Perry Formation (1)
-
-
-
Horton Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Bay of Islands Ophiolite (18)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (7)
-
Ordovician
-
Betts Cove Ophiolite (4)
-
Buchans Group (7)
-
Catoche Formation (5)
-
Davidsville Group (8)
-
Gander Lake Group (6)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (22)
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (2)
-
Floian (2)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Saint George Group (19)
-
Tremadocian (13)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (5)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Champlainian (1)
-
Chazyan (2)
-
Dapingian (2)
-
Darriwilian (9)
-
Llandeilian (4)
-
Llanvirnian (7)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Table Head Group (18)
-
Whiterockian (4)
-
Woods Hollow Shale (1)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Caradocian (4)
-
Katian (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
Wild Bight Group (3)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Pictou Group (1)
-
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
palynology (1)
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (8)
-
Chitinozoa (7)
-
Dinoflagellata (3)
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miospores
-
pollen (5)
-
-
-
paragenesis (14)
-
permafrost (2)
-
petroleum
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natural gas (9)
-
-
petrology (87)
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Phanerozoic (5)
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phase equilibria (22)
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phosphorus (2)
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placers
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beach placers (1)
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (2)
-
Chlorophyta (2)
-
Epiphyton (3)
-
nannofossils
-
Nannoconus (1)
-
-
-
Bryophyta
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Musci
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Sphagnum (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Gymnospermae
-
Cordaitales (1)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (133)
-
pollution (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Adirondack Anorthosite (1)
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
Nuk Gneiss (3)
-
Paleoarchean (2)
-
-
Eocambrian (2)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (1)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Harbour Main Group (3)
-
Sokoman Formation (4)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Huronian
-
Signal Hill Formation (2)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Helikian (3)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (45)
-
Hadrynian
-
Fourchu Group (1)
-
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Moine Supergroup (2)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (21)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian (2)
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
Pterobranchia (1)
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reefs (5)
-
remote sensing (3)
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rock mechanics (1)
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sea water (6)
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sea-floor spreading (7)
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sea-level changes (24)
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sedimentary petrology (45)
-
sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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dolostone (7)
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grainstone (1)
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limestone
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calcarenite (1)
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micrite (5)
-
-
packstone (2)
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rudstone (1)
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wackestone (2)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (3)
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evaporites (6)
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iron formations (7)
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ironstone (1)
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silcrete (1)
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taconite (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
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argillite (3)
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bentonite (2)
-
black shale (4)
-
conglomerate (15)
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diamictite (4)
-
graywacke (6)
-
mudstone (17)
-
red beds (9)
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sandstone (25)
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shale (15)
-
siltstone (13)
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subarkose (1)
-
tillite (2)
-
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Unusually fracture-free seafloor in the southern North Atlantic between Newfoundland and Iberia explained through compounding tectonic inheritance since the Paleoproterozoic Open Access
Evolution of Silurian to Devonian magmatism associated with the Acadian orogenic cycle in eastern and southern Newfoundland Appalachians: Evidence for a three-stage evolution characterized by episodic hinterland- and foreland-directed migration of granitoid magmatism Available to Purchase
Review and tectonic interpretation of Precambrian Avalonia Available to Purchase
Abstract Avalonia, defined by its distinctive uppermost Ediacaran–Ordovician overstep sequence, extends from New England through Atlantic Canada to Wales. It unconformably overlies: (1) parts of one cratonic Neoproterozoic arc that which records several pulses at: 760–730 Ma, 680–600 Ma and 580–540 Ma; (2) an 800–760 Ma passive margin sequence; and (3) c. 976 Ma isolated plutons, possibly basement. Comparisons with modern arc dimensions suggest the dip of the Benioff Zone ranged from c. 22° W in Newfoundland to c. 52–67° elsewhere. A 600–580 Ma hiatus in arc magmatism in Cape Breton Island is attributed to overriding an oceanic plateau, leading to a 15° decrease in the dip of the Benioff Zone. The Collector magnetic anomaly along the Grand Banks and the Minas Fault is inferred to mark the Neoproterozoic southern margin of the Avalon Plate consisting of leaky transform faults and trench segments characterized by magnetite serpentinite mantle wedge beneath forearcs. The Minas Fault/Collector Anomaly connects similar arc units in Cape Breton Island and southern New Brunswick, suggesting that they were already offset by the Minas transform fault in the late Neoproterozoic. Similar tectonic, palaeomagnetic and isotopic data in the Timan Orogen of Baltica suggest that Avalonia may correlate with the Kipchak arc.
The provenance and tectonic history of Dashwoods and the associated Baie Verte Margin during the Ordovician to Silurian Available to Purchase
Abstract Dashwoods is a composite peri-Laurentian terrane in Newfoundland and forms the basement to the Early Ordovician to Silurian Notre Dame arc. The southern part of Dashwoods is characterized by paragneiss that is intruded by Early Ordovician to Late Silurian plutons and affected by polyphase Taconic to Salinic deformation and high-grade metamorphism. The crystalline basement of Dashwoods is not exposed and pre-Middle Ordovician paragneiss is investigated herein to constrain the provenance of Dashwoods. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon analysis of the paragneiss yielded metamorphic rims ranging from c. 500 to 395 Ma and abundant detrital grain cores ranging from c. 1853 to 546 Ma. The presence of abundant Tonian dates differentiates Dashwoods from the adjacent Humber Margin in Newfoundland, and Hebridean and Grampian terranes in the British Isles. The detrital provenance of Dashwoods is most similar to the Baie Verte Margin in Newfoundland, and Tyrone Complex and Dalradian Supergroup in Ireland. These data suggest that Dashwoods and the Baie Verte Margin originated near the Rockall promontory and were subsequently emplaced outboard of the Humber Margin by Ordovician to Carboniferous motion along the Baie Verte–Brompton Line.
Late Devonian syntaxis in the Northern Appalachian orogen Available to Purchase
Abstract The pre-accretionary shapes of cratonic margins form successions of promontories and re-entrants inherited from the rifting of supercontinents. In accretionary orogens, the extent of deformation related to a collision with a continent characterized by an irregular margin is obfuscated through the partitioning of deformation along pre-existing structures. In the Northern Appalachians, the extent of the deformation related to the oblique collision of the Meguma terrane with the composite Laurentian margin is disputed. Herein, we use a framework based on modern collisional settings to investigate the Late Devonian to Mississippian deformation inboard of the Avalonia–Meguma boundary and evaluate the regional tectonic setting. We combine published shear zone kinematic interpretations, deformation ages and regional 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages with structural interpretation of aeromagnetic and gravimetric depth slices covering the Northern Appalachians. We find that the deformation related to the collision of the Meguma terrane, attributed to the Neoacadian orogeny, has a larger structural footprint than previously documented. While this deformation is partitioned in multiple structures in the Canadian Appalachians, northern New England is characterized by rapid crustal deformation, high palaeoelevation and fast erosional exhumation, similar to modern syntaxis structures.
Origin of a glacially influenced shallow marine chromite placer, Port au Port Bay, western Newfoundland, Canada Available to Purchase
U-Pb zircon dates from North American and British Avalonia bracket the Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary interval, with evaluation of the Miaolingian Series as a global unit Open Access
Evaluation of carbon dioxide sequestration via interaction with peridotite and peridotite-hosted groundwaters: an experimental case study with Bay of Islands Ophiolite rocks, western Newfoundland, Canada Open Access
A review and tectonic interpretation of the Taconian–Grampian tract between Newfoundland and Scotland: diachronous accretion of an extensive forearc–arc–backarc system to a hyperextended Laurentian margin and subsequent subduction polarity reversal Available to Purchase
Abstract The Taconian–Grampian tract was characterized by a diachronous collision of a north-facing oceanic arc–forearc terrane and associated backarc basins with an irregular Laurentian margin with hyperextended segments. Hyperextension produced outboard continental terranes, separated by exhumed subcontinental mantle from the inboard margin. The exhumed mantle facilitated continued subduction of the extended margin after it had entered the trench. Enhanced slab-rollback resulted in spreading in lenticular backarc basins, which gradually transitioned along-strike into extensional arcs where rollback was less. Obduction of the oceanic elements onto the irregular Laurentian margin was followed by diachronous slab breakoff and a subduction polarity reversal, such that south- and north-dipping subduction zones locally were coeval along-strike. The polarity flip changed the convergence obliquity from dextral to sinistral and was accompanied by shallowing of the subducting slab near the end of the Middle Ordovician. Strike-slip movements locally juxtaposed segments where tectonic events occurred at different times, producing conflicting relationships. Slab breakoff produced punctuated magmatism, largely driven by mantle-derived melts, and drove and/or enhanced metamorphism in the overlying and enveloping crustal rocks. Boninite was generated episodically over a time span of 32 myr; the oldest Cambrian phase in the Lushs Bight Oceanic Tract (LBOT) and correlatives was associated with subduction initiation.