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Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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-
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Sahara (1)
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West African Craton (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Guangxi China (1)
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Japan
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Hokkaido (1)
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Middle East (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Bay of Biscay
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Celtic Sea (4)
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English Channel (35)
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Irish Sea (1)
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North Sea (2)
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Northwest Atlantic (1)
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Atlantic region (6)
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Australasia
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Australia
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South Australia
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Flinders Ranges (1)
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Avalon Zone (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (1)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia
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Saanich Inlet (1)
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Cardigan Bay (1)
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Chalk Aquifer (2)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation (1)
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Ukraine
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Europe
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Alps
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Central Europe
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Poland
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Italy
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Ukraine
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Western Europe
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Belgium
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France
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Armorican Massif (148)
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Brittany (59)
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Calvados France
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Central Massif
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Morvan (1)
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Charente-Maritime France (1)
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Corsica (2)
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Cote-d'Or France (1)
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Cotes-d'Armor France (17)
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Deux-Sevres France (5)
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Finistere France
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Crozon Peninsula (7)
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Hautes-Alpes France (1)
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Haute-Savoie France
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Savoy Alps (1)
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Ille-et-Vilaine France
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Iceland (2)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Scotland (2)
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Wales
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Anglesey Wales (2)
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Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean
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Gulf of Lion (1)
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Meseta (2)
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North America
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Appalachians
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Northern Appalachians (2)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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North Pacific
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Bering Sea
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Northeast Pacific
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Southern Uplands (1)
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United States
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commodities
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mineral deposits, genesis (7)
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petroleum
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ruby (1)
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water resources (4)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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C-14 (5)
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chemical ratios (3)
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halogens
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bromine
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bromide ion (1)
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isotope ratios (8)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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C-14 (5)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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Sr/Ca (1)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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strontium
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Sr/Ca (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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bismuth (1)
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indium (1)
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iron (5)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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niobium (1)
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rare earths
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terbium (1)
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silver (1)
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tantalum (2)
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tin (2)
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tungsten (1)
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vanadium (2)
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zinc (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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-
-
oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
-
fossils
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burrows (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Aves
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Neornithes
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Neognathae
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Passeriformes (1)
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-
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Mammalia (1)
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs
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Saurischia
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Theropoda (1)
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-
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Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia
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Mosasauridae (1)
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-
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cyanobacteria (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea
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Didymograptina
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Didymograptus (1)
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Diplograptina (1)
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ichnofossils (2)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (1)
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Malacostraca
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Amphipoda (1)
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-
Ostracoda (3)
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Phacopida
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Phacopina
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Phacops (1)
-
-
-
Ptychopariida
-
Asaphidae (1)
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Proetidae (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
-
Orthida (1)
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Spiriferida (1)
-
Terebratulida (1)
-
-
-
Bryozoa
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Cryptostomata (1)
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (1)
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Cystoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
-
Echinoidea (3)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia (3)
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Cephalopoda (1)
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Gastropoda (1)
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Hyolithes (1)
-
-
Porifera (1)
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Rotaliina
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Rotaliacea
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Ammonia (3)
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Radiolaria (1)
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Vermes (2)
-
-
microfossils
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Chitinozoa (1)
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Conodonta (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Chitinozoa (1)
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Dinoflagellata (1)
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miospores
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pollen (2)
-
-
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Dasycladaceae (2)
-
-
-
Rhodophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta (1)
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thallophytes (4)
-
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (6)
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K/Ar (5)
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paleomagnetism (9)
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Pb/Pb (1)
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Rb/Sr (15)
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Sm/Nd (2)
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U/Pb (20)
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U/Th/Pb (3)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene
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upper Quaternary (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Pliocene (3)
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upper Neogene (1)
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Paleogene
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lower Eocene
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middle Eocene
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upper Eocene
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Priabonian (1)
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Oligocene
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lower Oligocene
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Stampian (1)
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-
-
-
-
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Dalradian (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Wealden (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (4)
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Maestrichtian (1)
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Senonian (1)
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic (4)
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upper Bathonian (1)
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Callovian (1)
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Oxfordian
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upper Oxfordian (1)
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Triassic (3)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (1)
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Tommotian (1)
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Upper Cambrian (2)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (4)
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Mississippian
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Visean (1)
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Namurian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (3)
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Middle Devonian
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Givetian (3)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Famennian (1)
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-
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lower Paleozoic (3)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (3)
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Tremadocian (2)
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Middle Ordovician
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Dapingian (1)
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Darriwilian (2)
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Llandeilian (4)
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Llanvirnian (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (1)
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Caradocian (3)
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Katian (1)
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Permian
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (1)
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upper Paleozoic (1)
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Phanerozoic (1)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Brioverian (14)
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Ediacaran
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Wonoka Formation (1)
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Infracambrian (3)
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Vendian (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Birimian (1)
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Rhyacian (1)
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Rhenohercynian (1)
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Saxothuringian (1)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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peperite (1)
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plutonic rocks
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diabase
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quartz diorites (4)
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gabbros
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granodiorites (4)
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volcanic rocks
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pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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ophiolite (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (8)
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eclogite (4)
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orthogneiss (6)
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paragneiss (2)
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granulites
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hornfels (3)
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metabasalt (1)
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metabasite (1)
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metadiabase (1)
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metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metapelite (3)
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paragneiss (2)
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metasomatic rocks
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skarn (1)
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migmatites (11)
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mylonites (1)
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schists
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blueschist (4)
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glaucophane schist (1)
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ophiolite (1)
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turbidite (1)
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minerals
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (1)
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lollingite (1)
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carbonates
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calcite (1)
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hydrotalcite (1)
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halides
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fluorides
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topaz (1)
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minerals (8)
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oxides
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cassiterite (1)
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corundum (1)
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hydroxides
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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iron oxides (2)
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phosphates
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fluorapatite (2)
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xenotime (3)
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silicates
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aenigmatite group
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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glaucophane (2)
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hornblende (1)
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pargasite (1)
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tschermakite (1)
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orthoamphibole
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anthophyllite (1)
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gedrite (1)
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pyroxene group (1)
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
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plagioclase
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anorthite (1)
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oligoclase (1)
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silica minerals
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cristobalite (1)
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quartz (5)
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zeolite group
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clinoptilolite (1)
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heulandite (1)
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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chloritoid (1)
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garnet group
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grossular (2)
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vanadium garnet (1)
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staurolite (2)
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topaz (1)
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zircon group
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zircon (14)
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ring silicates
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cordierite (3)
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tourmaline group (1)
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chamosite (1)
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clay minerals
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kaolinite (3)
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mica group
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glauconite (2)
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phengite (1)
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sulfates
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sulfides
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sulfosalts (1)
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tungstates
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scheelite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (46)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahara (1)
-
West African Craton (1)
-
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China
-
Guangxi China (1)
-
-
Japan
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Hokkaido (1)
-
-
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Middle East (1)
-
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Bay of Biscay
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Vilaine Bay (2)
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Celtic Sea (4)
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English Channel (35)
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Irish Sea (1)
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North Sea (2)
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Northeast Atlantic (6)
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Northwest Atlantic (1)
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Atlantic region (6)
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Australasia
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Australia
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South Australia
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Flinders Ranges (1)
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biogeography (10)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (1)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia
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Saanich Inlet (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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C-14 (5)
-
-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Lesser Antilles
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Virgin Islands (1)
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-
-
-
catalogs (1)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene
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middle Pleistocene (1)
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upper Pleistocene (3)
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upper Quaternary (1)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (2)
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middle Miocene (1)
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Pliocene (3)
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upper Neogene (1)
-
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene
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Ypresian (1)
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middle Eocene
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Bartonian (2)
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Lutetian (1)
-
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upper Eocene
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Priabonian (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene
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Stampian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Aves
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Neornithes
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Neognathae
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Passeriformes (1)
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-
-
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Mammalia (1)
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs
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Saurischia
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Theropoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia
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Mosasauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (8)
-
climate change (5)
-
construction materials
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building stone (2)
-
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continental drift (7)
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continental shelf (10)
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continental slope (1)
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crust (11)
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crystal chemistry (9)
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crystal growth (3)
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crystal structure (8)
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data processing (3)
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deformation (21)
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diagenesis (7)
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earthquakes (5)
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ecology (1)
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economic geology (4)
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electron microscopy (2)
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epeirogeny (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Central Europe
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Bohemian Massif (3)
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Germany (1)
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Poland
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Slaskie Poland
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Switzerland (1)
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Pyrenees (4)
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Southern Europe
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Portugal (2)
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Spain
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Castilla y Leon Spain (1)
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Italy
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Ukraine
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Variscides (13)
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Western Europe
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Belgium
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France
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Aquitaine Basin (1)
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Central Massif
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Charente-Maritime France (1)
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Corsica (2)
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Indre-et-Loire France (2)
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Loire-Atlantique France
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Loir-et-Cher France (1)
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Lorraine (1)
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Maine-et-Loire France (11)
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Manche France
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Cotentin Peninsula (8)
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Mayenne France (7)
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Mont-Saint-Michel Bay (5)
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Morbihan France
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Groix Island (4)
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Normandy (20)
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Orne France (1)
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Paris Basin (10)
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Pas-de-Calais France
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Boulonnais (1)
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Provence (1)
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Sarthe France (3)
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Seine Estuary (1)
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Seine-Maritime France
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Caux (1)
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Le Havre France (1)
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Var France (1)
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Iceland (2)
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Ireland (5)
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Netherlands (1)
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United Kingdom
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English Channel Islands
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Guernsey (9)
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Jersey (8)
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Great Britain
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England
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Cornwall England (4)
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London Basin (1)
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South-West England (1)
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Wessex Basin (1)
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Scotland (2)
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Wales
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Anglesey Wales (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
faults (34)
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folds (14)
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foliation (10)
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fractures (4)
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geochemistry (23)
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geochronology (12)
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geodesy (2)
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geomorphology (3)
-
geophysical methods (26)
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glacial geology (1)
-
Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea
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Didymograptina
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Didymograptus (1)
-
-
Diplograptina (1)
-
-
-
ground water (11)
-
heat flow (1)
-
hydrogeology (2)
-
hydrology (4)
-
ichnofossils (2)
-
igneous rocks
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peperite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (2)
-
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (4)
-
-
gabbros
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norite (1)
-
-
granites
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charnockite (1)
-
leucogranite (7)
-
-
granodiorites (4)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
microsyenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (2)
-
basalts
-
tholeiite (4)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (2)
-
-
intrusions (32)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Malacostraca
-
Amphipoda (1)
-
-
Ostracoda (3)
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Phacopida
-
Phacopina
-
Phacops (1)
-
-
-
Ptychopariida
-
Asaphidae (1)
-
Proetidae (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Orthida (1)
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Spiriferida (1)
-
Terebratulida (1)
-
-
-
Bryozoa
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Cryptostomata (1)
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (1)
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Cystoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (3)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia (3)
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Cephalopoda (1)
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Gastropoda (1)
-
Hyolithes (1)
-
-
Porifera (1)
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
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Rotaliacea
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Ammonia (3)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
Vermes (2)
-
-
isostasy (1)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
-
C-14 (5)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
-
kaolin deposits (1)
-
lava (2)
-
lineation (5)
-
magmas (15)
-
mantle (5)
-
maps (1)
-
marine geology (7)
-
marine installations (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Gulf of Lion (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Wealden (2)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Cenomanian (4)
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
Turonian (2)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (4)
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bathonian
-
upper Bathonian (1)
-
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridgian
-
lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Oxfordian
-
upper Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
-
Triassic (3)
-
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (2)
-
arsenic ores (1)
-
base metals (2)
-
bismuth ores (1)
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copper ores (2)
-
gold ores (1)
-
iron ores (1)
-
lead ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (2)
-
manganese ores (1)
-
polymetallic ores (2)
-
silver ores (1)
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tungsten ores (1)
-
uranium ores (2)
-
zinc ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr/Ca (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
-
bismuth (1)
-
indium (1)
-
iron (5)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
niobium (1)
-
rare earths
-
scandium (1)
-
terbium (1)
-
-
silver (1)
-
tantalum (2)
-
tin (2)
-
tungsten (1)
-
vanadium (2)
-
zinc (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (8)
-
eclogite (4)
-
gneisses
-
orthogneiss (6)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
-
granulites
-
leptite (1)
-
-
hornfels (3)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metabasite (1)
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metadiabase (1)
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metagabbro (2)
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metagranite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (3)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (1)
-
-
migmatites (11)
-
mylonites (1)
-
schists
-
blueschist (4)
-
glaucophane schist (1)
-
-
-
metamorphism (33)
-
metasomatism (9)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (7)
-
mineral exploration (1)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
mineralogy (3)
-
minerals (8)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (1)
-
museums (1)
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
-
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Northern Appalachians (2)
-
-
-
ocean circulation (3)
-
ocean floors (3)
-
ocean waves (2)
-
oceanography (5)
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
orogeny (46)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Bristol Bay (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Bering Sea
-
Bristol Bay (1)
-
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Bristol Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
paleobotany (3)
-
paleoclimatology (9)
-
paleoecology (11)
-
paleogeography (24)
-
paleomagnetism (9)
-
paleontology (29)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian (2)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (4)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (3)
-
Pragian (1)
-
Siegenian (3)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (3)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic (3)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (3)
-
Tremadocian (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (2)
-
Llandeilian (4)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Caradocian (3)
-
Katian (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic (1)
-
-
palynology (1)
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (2)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
paragenesis (6)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
petrology (31)
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
phase equilibria (7)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
calcareous algae (1)
-
Chlorophyta
-
Chlorophyceae
-
Dasycladaceae (2)
-
-
-
Rhodophyta (1)
-
-
Pteridophyta (1)
-
-
plate tectonics (21)
-
pollution (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Adelaidean (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Brioverian (14)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Infracambrian (3)
-
Vendian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
reefs (2)
-
remote sensing (1)
-
sea-floor spreading (2)
-
sea-level changes (14)
-
sedimentary petrology (16)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
beachrock (1)
-
chalk (5)
-
limestone (6)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
ironstone (5)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
quartz arenite (1)
-
-
arkose (1)
-
claystone (1)
-
conglomerate (4)
-
mudstone (1)
-
red beds (2)
-
sandstone (9)
-
shale (3)
-
siltstone (3)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
megaripples (2)
-
sand waves (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
lebensspuren (1)
-
microbial mats (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (2)
-
cyclothems (1)
-
hummocky cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (1)
-
rhythmite (1)
-
-
secondary structures
-
stylolites (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation
-
flow structures (1)
-
olistoliths (1)
-
olistostromes (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (27)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
boulders (2)
-
clay (2)
-
gravel (2)
-
loess (6)
-
mud (2)
-
outwash (1)
-
pebbles (2)
-
sand (7)
-
silt (1)
-
-
marine sediments (7)
-
peat (2)
-
-
seismology (1)
-
shorelines (1)
-
soil mechanics (2)
-
soils
-
Gleys (1)
-
-
spectroscopy (1)
-
springs (2)
-
stratigraphy (26)
-
structural analysis (16)
-
structural geology (29)
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (2)
-
-
tectonophysics (12)
-
thallophytes (4)
-
thermal waters (2)
-
tunnels (1)
-
United States
-
California (2)
-
Catskill Delta (2)
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Maine (1)
-
Texas (1)
-
-
USSR (1)
-
waste disposal (1)
-
water resources (4)
-
weathering (7)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
flysch (1)
-
molasse (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
beachrock (1)
-
chalk (5)
-
limestone (6)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
ironstone (5)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
quartz arenite (1)
-
-
arkose (1)
-
claystone (1)
-
conglomerate (4)
-
mudstone (1)
-
red beds (2)
-
sandstone (9)
-
shale (3)
-
siltstone (3)
-
-
-
shell beds (1)
-
turbidite (1)
-
volcaniclastics (3)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
burrows (1)
-
channels (1)
-
mounds (1)
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
megaripples (2)
-
sand waves (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
lebensspuren (1)
-
microbial mats (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (2)
-
cyclothems (1)
-
hummocky cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (1)
-
rhythmite (1)
-
-
secondary structures
-
stylolites (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation
-
flow structures (1)
-
olistoliths (1)
-
olistostromes (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
boulders (2)
-
clay (2)
-
gravel (2)
-
loess (6)
-
mud (2)
-
outwash (1)
-
pebbles (2)
-
sand (7)
-
silt (1)
-
-
marine sediments (7)
-
peat (2)
-
-
shell beds (1)
-
turbidite (1)
-
volcaniclastics (3)
-
-
soils
-
paleosols (1)
-
soils
-
Gleys (1)
-
-
GeoRef Categories
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Assessing the Adequacy of Earthquake Catalog Sampling for Long‐Term Seismicity in Low‐to‐Moderate Seismic Regions: A Geodetic Perspective Available to Purchase
Two metamorphic cycles recorded by monazite in eclogite-facies gneisses (Southern Armorican Massif, France): A Cambro-Ordovician continental crust involved in eo-Variscan subduction Open Access
New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for Votadinium spinosum reveals a Protoperidinium claudicans species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales) Available to Purchase
Oroclinal arcs of the Variscan Belt: a consequence of transpression during the consolidation of Pangaea Available to Purchase
Surface-derived fluid percolation along detachment systems enhanced by syn-kinematic granites: uranium mineralization as an application Open Access
Zircon and apatite U-Pb geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) basement and late Neoproterozoic (Pan-African) metamorphism and magmatism from Port-Béni, Armorican Massif (France) Open Access
The Cambrian Atlas – Ossa–Morena – North Armorican Rift, West Gondwana: along- and off-axis stratigraphic and volcano-tectonic patterns Available to Purchase
Abstract The Cambrian Atlas – Ossa–Morena – North Armorican Rift extended along West Gondwana from the end of the Pan-African and Cadomian orogenies until the diachronous beginning of drift conditions related to the opening of the Rheic Ocean. The along-axis rift cross-cut the western parts of the Anti-Atlas, High Atlas and Coastal Meseta, which were linked to the Ossa–Morena Zone and the North Armorican Domain, whereas several joint tectonic branches connected with off-axis rift transects of the Central Iberian, West Asturian–Leonese and Cantabrian zones (Iberian Massif), the Central and South Armorican domains, the Occitan Domain, the Pyrenees, and southern Sardinia. The pre-rift unconformity, post-dating the orogenic collapse, is characterized by initial (half-)graben development and subsequent infill, with slope-related breccias and conglomerates controlled by the denudation of surrounding uplands. Synrift pulses show regional extension and are distinctly identifiable on the top of rift shoulders, recording episodes of carbonate production due to their association with karst and hydrothermal processes. The break-up unconformity ranges from volcanic-free angular discordances and paraconformities to generalized uplift and denudation of subaerially exposed areas, associated with the onset of granite-dominant large igneous provinces (LIPs). The Furongian–Tremadocian (Toledanian) and Ordovician (Sardic) phases have been interpreted as due to: (i) Andean-type subduction magmatism reaching the crust in an arc–back-arc setting; (ii) post-collisional decompression melting without significant mantle involvement; and (iii) partial melting of the lower continental crust affected by the underplating of hot mafic magmas linked to superplumes.
Ordovician sedimentation and basin development in the North Armorican Massif, NW France: Field evidence from the northern Cotentin Peninsula Open Access
Middle Risle River Critical Zone Observatory: monitoring karst-process evolution and its impact on surface water and on aquatic ecosystems Available to Purchase
Abstract Rivers in karstic environments are known to be greatly influenced by surface water–groundwater interactions, with significant localized inflows during floods from springs, or with losses that can dry up rivers. The Middle Risle River is frequently affected by the development of sinkholes in a chalk karst area (Normandy, France). In the 2010s, two new major sinkholes in the riverbed caused a complete loss of water into the underlying phreatic aquifer, causing the river to dry up over several kilometres. The resulting changes in hydrogeological processes and surface water–groundwater interaction greatly affected water quality, water use and water-dependent ecosystems, causing a political crisis in this river-dependent touristic valley. To understand these phenomena and improve crisis management, the Middle Risle Critical Zone Observatory was set up to enhance monitoring, surveying and/or modelling of groundwater and river levels, river and spring flow, water temperature and conductivity, and ecosystem characteristics (fish, macro-invertebrates and vegetation). The results showed notable impacts on fish, macro-invertebrates and vegetation, some plants proving to be reliable indicators of surface-water–groundwater interaction. The dynamics of local hydrogeological processes were assessed and linked to the measured effects on ecosystems and water supply. Inverse modelling based on an analytical solution of the diffusive wave equation assessed lateral flow during floods, quantifying the spatial–temporal variability of surface-water and groundwater exchanges. It also highlighted the important role of karst zones in both storage and flood-peak attenuation processes, thereby protecting downstream villages against floods.
Example of a sinkhole landscaping project within the close protection area of a drinking water catchment at Saffré (France, Loire-Atlantique) Available to Purchase
Abstract The frequent sinkholes along the temporary water streams in Saffré basin can be compared with those occurring in Upper Normandy which are commonly referred to as ‘bétoires’. These collapses are not directly linked to karst cavities. They result from a draw-off effect of fine particles contained in the Plio-Quaternary alluvium lying above the carbonate Oligocene series. The draw-off phenomenon appears through fine cracks (1 to a few millimetres) open in soft palustrine limestones broadly comparable with chalk. Based on the knowledge of backfilling work design undertaken at some ‘bétoires’ in Upper Normandy, a new project was undertaken at four sinkhole funnels, which appeared near the surface in the Saffré basin at the end of the winter in 2017. The works consisted of digging the decompressed surface and filling up the excavation pit with materials of decreasing granulometry from bottom to top in order to ease the surface water infiltration through the identified fractured zones to the bottom of the excavation. This design was also complemented by the implementation of a filtering trench in between the watercourse and the filtering bed, laid above the fractured zones, which were enlarged by the dissolution process, on the one hand, and by the construction of a pipe network on top of the filtering bed to allow for pressurized air exhaust towards the surface, on the other hand. The pressurized air comes up from the aquifer as it recharges as soon as the surface water streamflow resumes and takes part in the mechanism, leading to sinkhole collapse, which should be prevented by this backfilling design.
The influence of geological structure on chalk karst aquifer function and its consequences for the protection of drinking-water supply; examples from Normandy, France Available to Purchase
Abstract The implementation of new groundwater tracer tests to the chalky karst plateau of the northwestern end of the Paris Basin, combined with a critical review of previous tracer test investigations, makes it possible to characterize the role of karsts in relation to many structural features. The impact of tectonic structures and lithology on the development and evolution of the karst networks is analysed. The consequences for drinking-water supplies and its protection are examined.
Use of statistical methods to characterize the influence of groundwater on the thermal regime of rivers in Normandy, France: comparison between the highly permeable, chalk catchment of the Touques River and the low permeability, crystalline rock catchment of the Orne River Available to Purchase
Abstract The study of the temperature of two rivers in Normandy (France), the Orne and the Touques, between 2013 and 2018 allowed the main controlling factors regulating their thermal regime to be determined. The analysis was conducted by coupling different statistical treatments: linear regression between water and air temperatures, independent component analysis, principal component analysis and a multiple linear regression model. The temperature of the two rivers is mainly controlled by climatic factors but secondary regulation factors are demonstrated to play important roles: runoff for the two rivers and groundwater for the Touques. The influence of the chalk aquifer on river temperature appears to vary seasonally throughout the year, reaching its maximum in the early spring and increasing from upstream to downstream. The coupled use of the different statistical complex methods showed its validity in understanding both the temporal and spatial variations in water temperature and its correlation with the secondary factors, that could not be inferred from a simpler approach based on linear regression. These techniques could be valuable in other areas with rivers sufficiently monitored to determine the controlling water temperature factors and thus their sensitivity to climate change.
The Ordovician of France and neighbouring areas of Belgium and Germany Available to Purchase
Abstract The Ordovician successions of France and neighbouring areas of Belgium and Germany are reviewed and correlated based on international chronostratigraphic and regional biostratigraphic charts. The same three megasequences related to the rift, drift and docking of Avalonia with Baltica can be tracked in Belgium and neighbouring areas (Brabant Massif and Ardenne inliers), western (Rhenish Massif) and northeastern Germany (Rügen). The remaining investigated areas were part of Gondwana in the Ordovician. The Armorican Massif shares with the Iberian Peninsula a Furongian–Early Ordovician gap (Toledanian or Norman gap), and a continuous Mid–Late Ordovician shelf sedimentation. The Occitan Domain (Montagne Noire and Mouthoumet massifs), eastern Pyrenees and northwestern Corsica share with southwestern Sardinia continuous shelf sedimentation in the Early Ordovician, and a Mid Ordovician ‘Sardic gap’. In the Ordovician, the Maures Massif probably belonged to the same Sardo-Occitan domain. The Vosges and Schwarzwald massifs display comparable, poorly preserved Ordovician successions, suggesting affinities with the Teplá-Barrandian and/or Moldanubian zones of Central Europe.