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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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sodium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (3)
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Sr/Ca (2)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (3)
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strontium
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Sr/Ca (2)
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Sr-87 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (16)
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aluminum (4)
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indium (1)
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iron
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ferric iron (2)
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ferrous iron (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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manganese (1)
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molybdenum (3)
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nickel (2)
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platinum group
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iridium (1)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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-
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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europium (1)
-
neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
-
rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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thallium (1)
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tin (2)
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titanium (1)
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tungsten (2)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (2)
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noble gases
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argon (2)
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helium (1)
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radon
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Rn-222 (1)
-
-
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (2)
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O-18/O-16 (60)
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phosphorus (4)
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selenium (1)
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silicon (2)
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sulfur
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organic sulfur (1)
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S-34/S-32 (7)
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trace metals (3)
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fossils
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bacteria (7)
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borings (9)
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burrows (15)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Chondrichthyes
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Euselachii (1)
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Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii
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Teleostei (1)
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Sarcopterygii (1)
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-
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Labyrinthodontia
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Aves
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Archaeornithes
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Neornithes
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Amblypoda
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Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia
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Cervidae
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Cervus (1)
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Carnivora
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Fissipeda
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Ursidae
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Ursus (1)
-
-
-
-
Primates
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Hominidae
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Homo
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Homo sapiens
-
Homo sapiens sapiens (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Elephas
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Elephas antiquus (1)
-
-
-
-
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Rodentia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines (1)
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (1)
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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Ankylosauria (4)
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Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (1)
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Iguanodon (2)
-
-
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda (1)
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Theropoda (4)
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-
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Pterosauria (6)
-
-
Ichthyosauria
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Ichthyosaurus (1)
-
-
Lepidosauria
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Rhynchocephalia (1)
-
-
Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria (8)
-
-
-
Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Cynodontia (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Thelodonti (3)
-
-
-
coprolites (2)
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cyanobacteria (1)
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eukaryotes (1)
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fossil man (1)
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fungi (3)
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Graptolithina
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Dendroidea (2)
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Graptoloidea
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Didymograptina (1)
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Monograptina
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Monograptus (2)
-
-
-
-
Hemichordata (2)
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ichnofossils
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Arenicolites (1)
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Chondrites ichnofossils (4)
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Diplocraterion (3)
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Ophiomorpha (3)
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Planolites (2)
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Skolithos (2)
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Thalassinoides (1)
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-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Arachnida (1)
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (3)
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Xiphosura (4)
-
-
-
Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Cirripedia (1)
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Malacostraca
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Brachyura (1)
-
-
Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Cypridocopina (1)
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Cytherocopina
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Cytheracea
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Cyprideis (4)
-
-
-
Platycopida
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Cytherellidae
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Cytherelloidea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (4)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
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Mecoptera (1)
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Exopterygota
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Blattaria (2)
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Orthoptera (1)
-
-
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Palaeoptera
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Odonata (1)
-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (2)
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Corynexochida (1)
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Odontopleurida (1)
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Ptychopariida
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Asaphidae (1)
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Olenidae (1)
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Redlichiida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Productida (1)
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Spiriferida
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Atrypidae
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Atrypa (2)
-
-
-
Terebratulida (1)
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Thecideidina
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Thecideidae (1)
-
-
-
Inarticulata
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Lingula (2)
-
-
-
Bryozoa (4)
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Heterocorallia (1)
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Rugosa (3)
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Scleractinia
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Acropora (1)
-
-
Tabulata
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Heliolitida
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Heliolitidae
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Heliolites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
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Stelleroidea
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Asteroidea (2)
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Ophiuroidea (2)
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-
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Crinozoa
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Blastoidea (4)
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Crinoidea (32)
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Cystoidea (3)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (9)
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Edrioasteroidea (1)
-
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Homalozoa
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Machaeridia (1)
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Stylophora (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Carbonicola (1)
-
Heterodonta
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Veneroida
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Astartidae
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Astarte (1)
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Carditidae (1)
-
-
-
Ostreoidea
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Gryphaea (5)
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Ostreidae (4)
-
-
Palaeoheterodonta
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Trigoniidae
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Trigonia (1)
-
-
-
Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Anthraconaia (2)
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Anthraconauta (1)
-
Inocerami
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Inoceramidae (3)
-
-
Pectinacea
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Pectinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (27)
-
Dactylioceratidae (1)
-
Desmoceratida (1)
-
Goniatitida
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Goniatitidae
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Goniatites (1)
-
-
-
Hildocerataceae
-
Hildoceratidae (1)
-
-
Perisphinctida (1)
-
-
Coleoidea
-
Belemnoidea
-
Belemnitidae
-
Belemnopsis (1)
-
-
-
-
Nautiloidea
-
Nautilus (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
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Mesogastropoda (1)
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Neogastropoda (1)
-
Pulmonata
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Basommatophora
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Planorbis (2)
-
-
-
Turritellidae
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Turritella (1)
-
-
-
Hyolithes (2)
-
Polyplacophora (1)
-
Scaphopoda
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Dentalium (1)
-
-
Tentaculitida (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Archaediscidae (1)
-
Endothyra (1)
-
-
Miliolina
-
Miliolacea
-
Quinqueloculina (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Nodosariacea
-
Nodosariidae
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Lenticulina (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Ammonia
-
Ammonia beccarii (1)
-
-
Elphidium
-
Elphidium excavatum (2)
-
-
Nummulitidae
-
Nummulites
-
Operculina (1)
-
-
-
Rotalia (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Lituolidae
-
Haplophragmoides (1)
-
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (5)
-
-
Vermes
-
Annelida (3)
-
Polychaeta
-
Serpulidae (3)
-
-
-
-
Metazoa (3)
-
microfossils
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Charophyta
-
Characeae (1)
-
-
Chitinozoa (6)
-
Conodonta
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Gnathodus (1)
-
Gondolella (1)
-
Idiognathodus (2)
-
Ozarkodina (1)
-
Streptognathodus (1)
-
-
Fusulinina
-
Archaediscidae (1)
-
Endothyra (1)
-
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs
-
Hystrichosphaeridae (1)
-
-
Chitinozoa (6)
-
Dinoflagellata
-
Hystrichosphaeridae (1)
-
-
megaspores (4)
-
miospores
-
pollen (27)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
calcareous algae (1)
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta
-
Characeae (1)
-
-
Chlorophyceae
-
Dasycladaceae (2)
-
-
Tasmanites (1)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae
-
Coccolithus (2)
-
Emiliania
-
Emiliania huxleyi (1)
-
-
Gephyrocapsa
-
Gephyrocapsa oceanica (1)
-
-
-
diatoms (2)
-
nannofossils (11)
-
Pyrrhophyta (2)
-
Rhodophyta (1)
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
-
Azolla (1)
-
Pecopteris (2)
-
-
Lycopsida
-
Sigillaria (1)
-
Stigmaria (1)
-
-
Sphenopsida
-
Equisetales
-
Calamites (1)
-
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Alnus (2)
-
Betula (2)
-
Ericaceae (1)
-
Quercus (2)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae (1)
-
Palmae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Bennettitales (1)
-
Caytoniales (1)
-
Coniferales
-
Pinaceae
-
Pinus (1)
-
-
-
Cordaitales
-
Cordaites (1)
-
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Dadoxylon (1)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (1)
-
-
Pteridospermae
-
Neuropteris (1)
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
Pterobranchia (1)
-
thallophytes (11)
-
tracks (14)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (7)
-
fission-track dating (11)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (1)
-
K/Ar (13)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (38)
-
Pb/Pb (2)
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racemization (1)
-
Rb/Sr (14)
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Re/Os (1)
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Sm/Nd (4)
-
Sr/Sr (2)
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Th/U (2)
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thermochronology (2)
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tree rings (1)
-
U/Pb (26)
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uranium disequilibrium (3)
-
-
geologic age
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Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Iron Age (1)
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Quaternary
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Anglian (4)
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Holocene
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Flandrian (1)
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lower Holocene (2)
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Middle Ages (2)
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Neolithic (2)
-
upper Holocene
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Roman period (5)
-
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
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middle Quaternary (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
lower Pleistocene (4)
-
middle Pleistocene
-
Cromerian (2)
-
-
Saalian (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (4)
-
-
Eemian (1)
-
Hoxnian (4)
-
Ipswichian (7)
-
Weichselian
-
Loch Lomond Stade (2)
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (2)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (2)
-
Paleolithic
-
lower Paleolithic (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Capistrano Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
upper Miocene
-
Tortonian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (4)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Bracklesham Group (8)
-
Green River Formation (2)
-
lower Eocene
-
Cuisian (1)
-
Sparnacian (2)
-
Willwood Formation (1)
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (45)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Barton Clay (7)
-
Bartonian (6)
-
Lutetian (6)
-
-
upper Eocene
-
Ludian (1)
-
Priabonian (2)
-
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Bembridge Marls (2)
-
Boom Clay (1)
-
lower Oligocene (8)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (5)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (2)
-
-
Coal Measures (28)
-
Mesozoic
-
Carrara Marble (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Hue Shale (2)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
lower Albian (2)
-
upper Albian (3)
-
-
Aptian (11)
-
Barremian (16)
-
Berriasian (8)
-
Gault Clay (7)
-
Hauterivian (9)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
-
Purbeckian (4)
-
Speeton Clay (13)
-
Valanginian (7)
-
Wealden (27)
-
-
Lower Greensand (19)
-
Middle Cretaceous (3)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian
-
upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Cenomanian
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (3)
-
-
Coniacian
-
lower Coniacian (1)
-
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Santonian (4)
-
Senonian (14)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (4)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Weald Clay (3)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Dunlin Group (1)
-
Hettangian (9)
-
lower Liassic (18)
-
middle Liassic (11)
-
Pliensbachian (16)
-
Portland Formation (2)
-
Sinemurian (13)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (4)
-
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (6)
-
upper Liassic (25)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (11)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (4)
-
Broom Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (3)
-
Rannoch Formation (1)
-
Tarbert Formation (1)
-
-
Bathonian
-
Great Oolite Group (6)
-
-
Callovian (17)
-
Dogger (6)
-
-
Oxford Clay (37)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridge Clay (37)
-
Kimmeridgian (20)
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (2)
-
upper Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (12)
-
Tithonian (6)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (14)
-
Induan (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (2)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Sherwood Sandstone (31)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (3)
-
Keuper (4)
-
Mercia Mudstone (23)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (14)
-
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (6)
-
-
-
-
MIS 11 (1)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
MIS 6 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (3)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Avonian (1)
-
Culm (1)
-
Hale Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (7)
-
Dinantian (50)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (2)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Harrodsburg Limestone (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Chouteau Limestone (1)
-
Cuyahoga Formation (1)
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Osagian (1)
-
Tournaisian (5)
-
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
Great Scar Limestone (2)
-
upper Visean (3)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Serpukhovian (3)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (43)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Virgilian
-
Plattsmouth Limestone Member (1)
-
-
-
-
Silesian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (15)
-
Stephanian (2)
-
Westphalian (43)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Dittonian (3)
-
Emsian (2)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Shap Granite (12)
-
Siegenian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (2)
-
Givetian (1)
-
Moscow Formation (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (12)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Frasnian (3)
-
Sonyea Group (1)
-
-
-
Downtonian (6)
-
lower Paleozoic (19)
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (3)
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Tremadocian (16)
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Silurian
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Primary terms
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Geostatistical inversion of frequency-domain electromagnetic data for near-surface modeling Available to Purchase
Chloride in the Chalk aquifer of East Anglia, UK. Part 2: causes of elevated chloride in freshwater Available to Purchase
Chloride in the Chalk aquifer of East Anglia, UK. Part 1: distribution of chloride in brackish and saline groundwater Available to Purchase
Long-term changes in Chalk groundwater quality in East Anglia, UK Available to Purchase
Relocate the base of the Arundian? A re-evaluation from south Cumbrian sections and implications for British and Irish Lower Carboniferous successions Available to Purchase
Palaeoenvironment and taphonomy of the Hypsilophodon Bed, Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation, Isle of Wight Open Access
Two areoligeracean dinoflagellate cysts from the Carstone Formation (Lower Cretaceous) at Middlegate Quarry, North Lincolnshire, UK Available to Purchase
The influence of earthworks construction on porewater pressures in clays and mudstones of the Lias Group Open Access
Using U–Pb carbonate dating to constrain the timing of extension and fault reactivation within the Bristol Channel Basin, SW England Open Access
GIS analysis for the selection of optimal sites for mine water geothermal energy application: a case study of Scotland's mining regions Open Access
Adopting a systems engineering approach to a feasibility study of a sidings development at the Midsomer Norton railway station Available to Purchase
The Early Jurassic sequence of Lyme Regis, Dorset, England and its place in the history of geology and palaeontology Available to Purchase
Abstract The cliffs and foreshore at Lyme Regis on the Dorset coast expose a sequence of Early Jurassic marine limestones and mudstones of the Blue Lias Formation and the overlying Charmouth Mudstone Formation, the lowest units of the Hettangian–Aalenian Lias Group. Known for its fossils since at least the mid-seventeenth century, this coastal section became famous in the early nineteenth century for the bones of ‘fossil crocodiles’. Many of the most significant discoveries were made by a family of fossil dealers whose best-known member was Mary Anning (1799–1847). Anning and her family recovered the first scientifically described ichthyosaurs, the first complete plesiosaur and the first British pterosaur to be identified. Anning's finds from Lyme Regis formed the basis of the pioneering palaeoenvironmental reconstruction Duria antiquior . Her geologist friends, some with close personal associations to the town, did much to publicize her discoveries and contribute to both her fame and that of the locality. This famous coastal section, with its important historical associations with a key period in the development of geology and the source of so many significant discoveries in the early nineteenth century, now lies within the Jurassic Coast UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin: syngenetic processes, stacking patterns and heat productivity Open Access
Abstract We conducted a high-resolution multi-disciplinary analysis of two core sections in the borehole Ellesmere Port-1, Cheshire, UK. Biostratigraphic analysis indicates that the core sections are Kinderscoutian and late Arnsbergian–Chokierian in age, respectively. Both cores are assigned to the Bowland Shale Formation (Holywell Shale). Coupled core scan and discrete geochemical analysis enables interpretation of syngenetic processes at a high stratigraphic resolution. Both cores exhibit the classic cyclicity of limestones, calcareous to non-calcareous mudstones and siltstones, interpreted to represent sediment deposition during fourth-order sea-level fluctuation. Machine learning of the well log data coupled to the core scan data enabled prediction of the key lithofacies through the entire Bowland Shale interval in Ellesmere Port-1. The machine predictions show that the Bowland Shale is interfingered with three turbiditic leaves of the Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone Formation and contains at least 12 complete fourth-order cycles. The Bowland Shale exhibits high radiogenic heat productivity in comparison with other sedimentary rocks, due primarily to relative U enrichment under intermittently euxinic conditions. Thermal modelling, however, shows that the radiogenic heat productivity of the Bowland Shale contributes a negligible source of additional heat at the scale of hundreds of metres.
Biomarker evidence for the depositional environment of basinal UK Mississippian mudstones Open Access
Abstract The regional character of organic matter types and depositional conditions of Pendleian, Brigantian and Arnsbergian mudstones between the Craven Basin and the Widmerpool Gulf was compared through interpretation of biomarker and pyrolysis data from 201 samples recovered from nine boreholes. The Carboniferous seaways have been determined to commonly host dysoxic conditions, enabling the preservation of a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter types. Photic zone anoxia, established by the presence of aryl isoprenoids, was determined to be persistent during ‘marine’ conditions represented by marine band, high-sea-level and carbonate facies. The observation and correlation of diasteranes and trisnorneohopane/trisnorhopane ratios within the samples and to other maturity parameters highlighted a significant clay mineral catalytic and/or hydrocarbon retention effect in the samples. This influenced both biomarkers and programmed pyrolysis thermal maturity indices such as T max , reducing the reliability of such results for interpreting the burial depth, and ultimately reserve potential.
Abstract This volume showcases recent geological, geophysical and geochemical research on the Carboniferous Bowland Shale Formation. The Bowland Shale is a relatively thick and extensive Palaeozoic black shale unit with a long history of debate and controversy in the UK. The Bowland Shale is proven in many of the key Carboniferous basins in the Midlands, northern England and North Wales, and represents a significant, near-continuous temporal record spanning 16 Myr including the important mid-Carboniferous boundary (Mississippian–Pennsylvanian). Since the first geological surveys in the late nineteenth century, the Bowland Shale has been of interest for a variety of reasons, including the search for Irish-type Pb–Zn base metal mineral deposits, and as a source rock in conventional hydrocarbon systems. In the mid-2000s, attention turned to the Bowland Shale as a target for unconventional hydrocarbon extraction, shale gas, following success in the USA. This placed the Bowland Shale at the centre of a series of interconnected controversies and debates from the local to national scale. The geological credibility of the purported shale gas resource in the UK was – and continues to be – highly contentious. This volume contributes to a more updated view of the Bowland Shale, covering topics such as sedimentary, geochemical and physical properties and processes, basin-forming events, hydrocarbon prospectivity, mineralization and heat and fluid flow in the subsurface. The volume also includes a field guide to some of the key localities in the UK. With the benefit of hindsight offered by the latest generation of research, the early regional shale gas assessments failed to attach sufficient weight to the compositional heterogeneity, structural complexity, compartmentalization and highly variable exhumation, erosion and palaeo-heat flow history of the Bowland Shale. The following topics are identified as promising avenues for future research beyond shale gas: (1) the role of the Bowland Shale in the context of mineral systems; (2) the role of the Bowland Shale as a cap rock in the Lower Carboniferous limestone geothermal play and potentially as an analogue of CO 2 or radioactive waste storage in the UK; and (3) pathways and mechanisms for weathering, alteration and trace element release from the Bowland Shale into the surface and/or subsurface environment.
A review of the Carboniferous shale gas potential of northern England: a data-based analysis of why it won't work Open Access
Abstract The recent shale gas revolution originated in the USA in the late 1990s with the exploration of the Carboniferous Barnett Shale in Texas. Success in a number of additional basins in North America, such as the Marcellus, Eagle Ford and Bakken basins, stimulated a search for similar opportunities elsewhere around the world. Among the shales and basins targeted by industry was the Carboniferous Bowland Shale (and equivalents) in northern England. The initial premise that the Barnett Shale represented an excellent analogue for the Bowland Shale led to over-optimistic reserve estimates that have since been shown to be largely incorrect. On the basis of visual inspection of wellbore cores, the Carboniferous Barnett and Bowland shales appear to be very similar. Unfortunately, it is there that the similarity ends. Research carried out for the UK Unconventional Hydrocarbons project has highlighted important differences adversely impacting prospectivity. These can be summarized as basin type/continuity and structural complexity. The total organic carbon, maturity, mineralogy and thickness of the Bowland Shale and equivalents are broadly similar to the successful US examples. Our conclusion is that the Bowland Shale in the UK does not represent a technically significant resource, and in hindsight did not merit the considerable industry and media attention that has been associated with it. One key learning is that fundamental research based on heritage data and modern analytical and modelling techniques should have preceded drilling and fracking operations in northern England.
Record of a pioneering geothermal borehole in London Available to Purchase
A new ankylosaurian osteoderm from the Middle Jurassic Oxford Clay Formation, United Kingdom Available to Purchase
Indicative meanings of geological sea-level indicators in the Solent region and Sussex coast (south coast of England) and implications for uplift rates Open Access
Review and tectonic interpretation of Precambrian Avalonia Available to Purchase
Abstract Avalonia, defined by its distinctive uppermost Ediacaran–Ordovician overstep sequence, extends from New England through Atlantic Canada to Wales. It unconformably overlies: (1) parts of one cratonic Neoproterozoic arc that which records several pulses at: 760–730 Ma, 680–600 Ma and 580–540 Ma; (2) an 800–760 Ma passive margin sequence; and (3) c. 976 Ma isolated plutons, possibly basement. Comparisons with modern arc dimensions suggest the dip of the Benioff Zone ranged from c. 22° W in Newfoundland to c. 52–67° elsewhere. A 600–580 Ma hiatus in arc magmatism in Cape Breton Island is attributed to overriding an oceanic plateau, leading to a 15° decrease in the dip of the Benioff Zone. The Collector magnetic anomaly along the Grand Banks and the Minas Fault is inferred to mark the Neoproterozoic southern margin of the Avalon Plate consisting of leaky transform faults and trench segments characterized by magnetite serpentinite mantle wedge beneath forearcs. The Minas Fault/Collector Anomaly connects similar arc units in Cape Breton Island and southern New Brunswick, suggesting that they were already offset by the Minas transform fault in the late Neoproterozoic. Similar tectonic, palaeomagnetic and isotopic data in the Timan Orogen of Baltica suggest that Avalonia may correlate with the Kipchak arc.