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Array‐Based Convolutional Neural Networks for Automatic Detection and 4D Localization of Earthquakes in Hawai‘i
Venus, An Active Planet: Evidence for Recent Volcanic and Tectonic Activity
Petrographic and spectral study of hydrothermal mineralization in drill core from Hawaii: A potential analog to alteration in the martian subsurface
Characterizing low-temperature aqueous alteration of Mars-analog basalts from Mauna Kea at multiple scales
Relative Time Corrections for Historical Analog Seismograms Using the Single‐Day Ambient Noise Correlation Function
Vapor Transport and Deposition of Cu-Sn-Co-Ag Alloys in Vesicles in Mafic Volcanic Rocks
Vapor transport of silver and gold in basaltic lava flows
ABSTRACT Meticulous field observations are a common underpinning of two landmark studies conducted by Don Swanson dealing with the rate at which magma is supplied to Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. The first combined effusion rate and ground deformation observations to show that the supply rate to Kīlauea was constant at ~0.11 km 3 /yr during three sustained eruptions from 1952 to 1971, a quiescent period at neighboring Mauna Loa volcano. This rate was also interpreted as the steady supply rate from the mantle to both volcanoes combined throughout historical time. The second breakthrough involved field evidence that activity at Kīlauea alternates between dominantly effusive and explosive styles over time scales of several centuries, and that the magma supply rate during explosive periods is only 1%–2% of the rate during effusive periods. For the historical period, several later studies concluded that the supply rate to Kīlauea has varied by as much as an order of magnitude, contrary to Swanson’s earlier suggestion. All such estimates are fraught with uncertainty, given the poorly known amount of magma stored within the volcano’s rift zones as a function of time—an enduring problem and active research topic. Nonetheless, Swanson’s original work remains an important touchstone that spurred many subsequent investigations and refinements. For example, there is strong evidence that Kīlauea experienced a surge in magma supply during 2003–2007 that exceeded the historical average by as much as a factor of two, and that the surge was followed by a comparable lull before the supply rate returned to “normal” by 2016. There is also evidence for supply-rate variations of similar magnitude during the latter part of the twentieth century and possibly earlier, subject to the aforementioned uncertainty in rift-zone storage. The extent to which variations in the magma supply to Kīlauea can be attributed to partitioning between Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, a long-debated topic, remains uncertain. Since Kīlauea’s inception, the net magma supply to the volcano (and also to Lō‘ihi Seamount, since it began growing) has increased, while Mauna Loa’s growth rate has slowed, suggesting that the volcanoes compete for the same magma supply. However, geochemical differences between lavas erupted at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa indicate that they do not share a homogeneous mantle source or common lithospheric magma plumbing system. Both ideas might be correct; i.e., Kīlauea and Mauna Loa magmas may be sourced in differing portions of the same melt accumulation zone and ascend through different crustal pathways, but those pathways interact through stress or pressure changes that modulate the supply to each volcano. Currently, magma supply-rate estimates are facilitated by comprehensive imaging of surface deformation and topographic change coupled with measurements of gas emissions. Physics-based models are being developed within a probabilistic framework to provide rigorous estimates of model parameters, including magma supply rate, and their uncertainties. Further refinement will require intensive multiparameter observations of the entire magmatic system—from source to surface and above, and from the volcanoes’ summits to their submerged lower flanks—in order to account fully for a complex magma budget.
ABSTRACT Kīlauea Volcano’s active summit lava lake posed hazards to downwind residents and over 1.6 million Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park visitors each year during 2008–2018. The lava lake surface was dynamic; crustal plates separated by incandescent cracks moved across the lake as magma circulated below. We hypothesize that these dynamic thermal patterns were related to changes in other volcanic processes, such that sequences of thermal images may provide information about eruption parameters that are sometimes difficult to measure. The ability to learn about concurrent gas emissions and seismic activity from a remote thermal time-lapse camera would be beneficial when conditions are too hazardous for field measurements. We applied a machine learning algorithm called self-organizing maps (SOM) to thermal infrared time-lapse images of the lava lake collected hourly over 23 April–21 October 2013 ( n = 4354). The SOM algorithm can take thousands of seemingly different images, each representing the spatial distribution of relative temperature across the lava lake surface, and group them into clusters based on their similarities. We then related the resulting clusters to sulfur dioxide emissions and seismic tremor activity to characterizeties between the SOM classification and different emplacement conditions. The SOM classification results are highly sensitive to the normalization method applied to the input images. The standard pixel-by-pixel normalization method yields a cluster of images defined by the highest observed SO 2 emission levels, elevated surface temperatures, and a high proportion of cracks between crustal plates. When lava lake surface patterns are isolated by minimizing the effect of temperature variation between images, relationships with seismic tremor activity emerge, revealing an “intense spatter” cluster, characterized by unstable, broken-up crustal plate patterns on the lava lake surface. This proof of concept study provides a basis for extending the SOM classification method to hazard forecasting and real-time volcanic monitoring applications, as well as comparative studies at other lava lakes.
Climatically controlled delivery and retention of meteoric 10 Be in soils
Accurate predictions of microscale oxygen barometry in basaltic glasses using V K -edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy: A multivariate approach
Improving the Hawaiian Seismic Network for Earthquake Early Warning
A Ground Motion Prediction Model for Deep Earthquakes beneath the Island of Hawaii
Modeling volcano growth on the Island of Hawaii: Deep-water perspectives
NASA volcanology field workshops on Hawai‘i: Part 2. Understanding lava flow morphology and flow field emplacement
The Big Island of Hawai‘i presents ample opportunities for young planetary volcanologists to gain firsthand field experience in the analysis of analogs to landforms seen on Mercury, Venus, the Moon, Mars, and Io. In this contribution, we focus on a subset of the specific features that are included in the planetary volcanology field workshops described in the previous chapter in this volume. In particular, we discuss how remote-sensing data and field localities in Hawai‘i can help a planetary geologist to gain expertise in the analysis of lava flows and lava flow fields, to understand the best sensor for a specific application, to recognize the ways in which different data sets can be used synergistically for remote interpretations of lava flows, and to gain a deeper appreciation for the spatial scale of features that might be imaged in the planetary context.
Effect of SiO 2 , total FeO, Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , and alkali elements in basaltic glasses on mid-infrared spectra
Oxygen Isotopes in Mantle and Crustal Magmas as Revealed by Single Crystal Analysis
Plutonic xenoliths reveal the timing of magma evolution at Hualalai and Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Insight into subvolcanic magma plumbing systems
To compare magmatic crystallization temperatures between ocean island basalt (OIB) proposed to be plume-related and normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) parental liquids, we have examined and compared in detail three representative magmatic suites from both ocean island (Hawaii, Iceland, and Réunion) and mid-ocean ridge settings (Cocos-Nazca, East Pacific Rise, and Mid-Atlantic Ridge). For each suite we have good data on both glass and olivine phenocryst compositions, including volatile (H 2 O) contents. For each suite we have calculated parental liquid compositions at 0.2 GPa by incrementally adding olivine back into the glass compositions until a liquid in equilibrium with the most-magnesian olivine phenocryst composition is obtained. The results of these calculations demonstrate that there is very little difference (a maximum of ∼20 °C) between the crystallization temperatures of the parental liquids (MORB 1243–1351 °C versus OIB 1286–1372 °C) when volatile contents are taken into account. To constrain the depths of origin in the mantle for the parental liquid compositions, we have performed experimental peridotite-reaction experiments at 1.8 and 2.0 GPa, using the most magnesian of the calculated parental MORB liquids (Cocos-Nazca), and compared the others with relevant experimental data utilizing projections within the normative basalt tetrahedron. The mantle depths of origin determined for both the MORB and OIB suites are similar (MORB 1–2 GPa; OIB 1–2.5 GPa) using this approach. Calculations of mantle potential temperatures (T P ) are sensitive to assumed source compositions and the consequent degree of partial melting. For fertile lherzolite sources, T P for MORB sources ranges from 1318 to 1488 °C, whereas T P for ocean island tholeiite sources (Hawaii, Iceland, and Réunion) ranges from 1502 °C (Réunion) to 1565 °C (Hawaii). The differences in T P values between the hottest MORB and ocean island tholeiite sources are ∼80 °C, significantly less than predicted by the thermally driven mantle plume hypothesis. These differences disappear if the hotspot magmas are derived by smaller degrees of partial melting of a refertilized refractory source. Consequently the results of this study do not support the existence of thermally driven mantle plumes originating from the core-mantle boundary as the cause of ocean island magmatism.