Hydraulic gold-mining tailings produced in the late nineteenth century in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California caused severe channel aggradation in the lower Feather and Yuba Rivers. Topographic and planimetric data from historical accounts, maps, topographic surveys, vertical sections, aerial photographs, and LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data reveal contrasting styles of channel change and floodplain evolution between these two rivers. For example, levee cross-channel spacings up to 4 km along the lower Yuba River contrast with spacings <2 km on the larger Feather River. More than a quarter billion cubic meters of hydraulic-mining sediment were stored along the lower Yuba River, and the wide levee spacing was intentionally maintained during design of the flood-control system to minimize delivery of sediment to navigable waters downstream. Consequently, the lower Yuba floodplain has a multithread high-water channel system with braiding indices >12 in some reaches. Some of the larger of these channels remain clearly visible on aerial photographs and LiDAR imagery in spite of intensive agricultural leveling. Narrow levee spacings on the Feather River were designed to encourage transport of mining sediment downstream and keep the channel clear for navigation. Levee spacings on the lower Feather River reached a minimum near the turn of the twentieth century, when floodplain widths were reduced at several constricted reaches to <250 m. Historical data indicate that the general channel location of the lower Yuba River had stabilized by the end of the nineteenth century, whereas substantial channel avulsions began later and continued into the twentieth century on the lower Feather River. The striking contrasts in channel change between the Yuba and Feather Rivers are due, at least in part, to different river-management strategies, although the Yuba River received much more sediment. Early river engineering of these channels represented the first efforts at integrated river-basin management west of the Mississippi, so the observed long-term effects are instructive. Modern river management should consider how the disturbance factors in these channels and the imprint of early river management affect the modern morphologic stability and sediment-production potential of the channel and floodplain.

Neogene sediments in a structural and geomorphic high in the southwestern Honey Lake basin represent lacustrine deposition from 3.7 to 2.9 Ma, interrupted once by a significant lowstand. Tephras in the upper section are 3.26 Ma and 3.06 Ma. A thick debris-flow bed, truncated by an erosional surface and overlain concordantly by a thin interval of subaerial sediments, is evidence for lake-level fall at ca. 3.4 Ma. The dominant structure is a broad east-southeast–plunging anticline cut by several sets of faults. These include northwest-striking dextral and northeast-striking sinistral strike-slip faults and a conjugate set of west-northwest–striking thrust faults; all are consistent with north-south shortening. Mutually crosscutting relationships between faults, and tilt fanning of the dextral faults, indicate that tightening of the anticline was synchronous with faulting. A Quaternary strand of the dextral Honey Lake fault crops out near the northern end of the exposure, suggesting that the cause of the local shortening and uplift was a contractional stepover between two strands of the Honey Lake fault. The Neogene section limits this faulting to some time after 2.9 Ma. The Honey Lake basin lies at the intersection of the Walker Lane with the Sierran frontal fault system. Although the timing of tectonic disruption was roughly consistent with passage of the triple junction to the west and with uplift and exhumation of several nearby basins, the described deformation seems to be directly related to dextral faulting, dating the propagation of a strand of the Honey Lake fault through the southwestern Honey Lake basin.

Abstract The magmatic arc represented by the crystalline core of the North Cascades (Cascades core) reached a crustal thickness of >55 km in the mid-Cretaceous. Eocene collapse of the arc was marked by migmatization, magmatism, and exhumation of deep-crustal (9-12 kb) rocks at the same time as subsidence and rapid deposition in nearby transtensional nonmarine basins. The largest region of deeply exhumed rocks, the migmatitic Skagit Gneiss Complex, consists primarily of leucocratic, biotite tonalite orthogneiss intruded between ca. 76-59 Ma and 50-45 Ma. Well-layered biotite gneiss is also widespread. U-Pb (isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry) dating of zircon and monazite from trondhjemitic leucosome and biotite gneiss mesosome indicates that metamorphism and melt generation/crystallization occurred at least intermittently from ca. 71 to 47 Ma, and the youngest U-Pb dates overlap Ar/Ar (biotite, muscovite) dates, compatible with rapid cooling. Mesoscopic to map-scale, gently plunging, upright folds have hinge lines subparallel to orogen-parallel (NW-SE) lineations in the Skagit Gneiss Complex, and are as young as 48 Ma. Eocene top-to-northwest flow occurred in parts of the complex. The gently to moderately dipping foliation, subhorizontal lineation, and constrictional domains are compatible with ductile transtension linked to dextral-normal displacement on the Ross Lake fault system, the northeastern boundary of the Cascades core. On the south flank of the core, sediments were deposited in part at ca. 51 Ma in the Swauk basin and shortly afterward folded, and then intruded by 47 Ma Teanaway basaltic dikes. Extension taken up by these dikes ranges from ~10% to 43%. Extension directions from Teanaway and other Eocene dikes are arc-parallel to arc-oblique. The shallow-crustal extension direction is counterclockwise (mostly 10°-30°) to the ductile flow direction, implying decoupling of brittle and ductile crust; however, some coupling is supported by the temporal coincidence between basin formation and partial melting and ductile flow, and the upright folding of both the Skagit Gneiss Complex and Swauk basin. Arc-oblique to arc-parallel flow probably resulted in part from dextral shear along the plate margin, along-strike gradients in crustal thickness, and thermally controlled rheology.

The Lovejoy basalt represents the largest eruptive unit identified in California, and its age, volume, and chemistry indicate a genetic affinity with the Columbia River Basalt Group and its associated mantle-plume activity. Recent field mapping, geochemical analyses, and radiometric dating suggest that the Lovejoy basalt erupted during the mid-Miocene from a fissure at Thompson Peak, south of Susanville, California. The Lovejoy flowed through a paleovalley across the northern end of the Sierra Nevada to the Sacramento Valley, a distance of 240 km. Approximately 150 km 3 of basalt were erupted over a span of only a few centuries. Our age dates for the Lovejoy basalt cluster are near 15.4 Ma and suggest that it is coeval with the 16.1–15.0 Ma Imnaha and Grande Ronde flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Our new mapping and age dating support the interpretation that the Lovejoy basalt erupted in a forearc position relative to the ancestral Cascades arc, in contrast with the Columbia River Basalt Group, which erupted in a backarc position. The arc front shifted trenchward into the Sierran block after 15.4 Ma. However, the Lovejoy basalt appears to be unrelated to volcanism of the predominantly calc-alkaline Cascade arc; instead, the Lovejoy is broadly tholeiitic, with trace-element characteristics similar to the Columbia River Basalt Group. Association of the Lovejoy basalt with mid-Miocene flood basalt volcanism has considerable implications for North American plume dynamics and strengthens the thermal “point source” explanation, as provided by the mantle-plume hypothesis. Alternatives to the plume hypothesis usually call upon lithosphere-scale cracks to control magmatic migrations in the Yellowstone–Columbia River basalt region. However, it is difficult to imagine a lithosphere-scale flaw that crosses Precambrian basement and accreted terranes to reach the Sierra microplate, where the Lovejoy is located. Therefore, we propose that the Lovejoy represents a rapid migration of plume-head material, at ~20 cm/yr to the southwest, a direction not previously recognized.

Abstract Within the western Great Basin, a system of dextral strike-slip faults accommodates a significant fraction of the North American–Pacific plate motion. The northern Walker Lane in northwest Nevada and northeast California occupies the northern terminus of this fault system and is one of the youngest and least developed parts of the North American–Pacific transform plate boundary. Accordingly, the northern Walker Lane affords an opportunity to analyze the incipient development of a major strike-slip fault system. In northwest Nevada, the northern Walker Lane consists of a discrete ~50-km-wide belt of overlapping, curiously left-stepping dextral faults, whereas a much broader zone of disconnected, widely-spaced northwest-striking faults characterizes northeast California. The left steps accommodate little shortening and are not typical restraining bends. The left-stepping dextral faults may represent macroscopic Riedel shears developing above a nascent lithospheric-scale transform fault. Strands of the northern Walker Lane terminate in arrays of northerly striking normal faults in the northwestern Great Basin and along the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada. These relations suggest that dextral shear in the northern Walker Lane is transferred to ~NW-SE extension in the Great Basin. Offset segments of a west-trending Oligocene paleovalley suggest ~20–30 km of cumulative dextral slip across the northern Walker Lane. Strike-slip faulting began between 3 and 9 Ma, indicating a long-term slip rate of ~2–10 mm/yr, which is compatible with GPS geodetic observations of the current strain field .

The Eastern belt of the Sierra Nevada comprises an Ordovician(?) to Devonian(?) succession of psammites and pelites belonging to the Shoo Fly Complex, and is overlain by three Paleozoic to Mesozoic arc volcanic sequences. The northern part of the belt, the subject of this chapter, is divided into a series of discrete blocks by steeply dipping faults, considered to be eastward-directed thrusts. The metamorphic history of this region has been little investigated previously. It has been argued that low-grade metamorphism of the Eastern belt is a Nevadan orogenic effect; in contrast, it has also been suggested that metamorphism of the arc volcanic rocks was a result of burial effects in the arc environment. In this study the metamorphic grade of the area has been established using mineral assemblages in metabasites and pelites, combined with illite crystallinity and b 0 data from pelitic rocks. The Shoo Fly Complex underwent epizonal metamorphism under Barrovian-type conditions prior to the earliest arc volcanism. Metamorphic grade in the overlying arc volcanic rocks ranges from pumpellyite-actinolite facies in the strongly foliated rocks of the (westernmost) Butt Valley and Hough blocks, through prehnite-pumpellyite facies in the Keddie Ridge and Genesee blocks, to low anchizone to diagenetic grade in Jurassic rocks of the (easternmost) Mt. Jura and Kettle Rock blocks. There is evidence for at least three discrete regional metamorphic events in these arc rocks; one is interpreted as being related to the burial of the arc volcanic rocks, which reached prehnite-pumpellyite facies; this event was followed by deformation and pumpellyite-actinolite facies metamorphism during the Nevadan orogeny; a final episode of static, low-grade metamorphism, possibly due to tectonic loading effects, probably also resulted in pumpellyite-actinolite facies. Subsequently, rocks exposed in the extreme east of the region were affected by contact metamorphism during the emplacement of Sierra Nevada batholith granitoids.

Biostratigraphic data, based mostly on radiolarian assemblages, establish synchronous deposition in the northern Sierra terrane and the Havallah basin beginning in the Late Devonian and extending into the early Late Permian. Lower Mississippian and mid-Permian arc-derived volcaniclastic debris was deposited in parts of the Havallah basin during episodes of arc volcanism in the northern Sierra terrane. Between these episodes of arc volcanism, from late Early Mississippian to at least Middle Pennsylvanian, the northern Sierra terrane collected siliceous pelagic deposits that correlate with dominantly chert-argillite sections in the Havallah sequence. These intermixed lithic assemblages suggest shared stratigraphic evolution and geographic proximity between the Sierran arc terrane and the Havallah basin during the late Paleozoic. During Late Devonian and Early Mississippian arc volcanism in the northern Sierra terrane, lower Paleozoic rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon were thrust over coeval deposits on the North American shelf. Chert-quartz-rich siliciclastic debris, derived from the Antler orogenic belt, is interbedded with Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian distal volcanic rocks in the northern Sierra terrane and with Kinderhookian volcaniclastic rocks and chert in the Schoonover sequence. These quartzose-clastic deposits not only provide an independent lithologic link between the Sierran arc terrane and the Havallah basin, they also tie the arc terrane and basin to North America at the time of the Antler orogeny. Late Devonian and Early Mississippian arc volcanism in the northern Sierra terrane occurred in an extensional regime. Extensional tectonism began locally in the Havallah basin during the Famennian and continued into the early Meramecian. Contemporaneous extension in the arc and basin during emplacement of the Roberts Mountains allochthon is difficult to reconcile with existing arc-continent collision models for the Antler orogeny.