ABSTRACT The volcanic stratigraphy of the central Gulf of California margin of the Baja California peninsula preserves a valuable record of the transition from subduction of the Farallon plate (24–12 Ma) to oblique rifting (<12 Ma). Although strike-slip faults (as well as normal faults) are common in oblique rifts and are abundant on the new (younger than 6 Ma) seafloor in the Gulf of California, none has been previously reported in the onshore central Baja California margin. This study focused on a previously unmapped region in the central Baja California margin near Mulegé, where we identified a strike-slip fault, termed the Potrero fault, and described the regional magmatic and structural context for this fault. We did this by using geologic mapping of volcanic-volcaniclastic lithofacies, supported by petrography, geochemistry, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The Potrero fault is a vertical fault that strikes N10°W, with dextral-oblique (down-to-the-east) slip. This fault juxtaposes older rocks on the west with younger rocks on the east. The older rocks on the west side of the Potrero fault are assigned to the Middle Comondú Group, which is early Miocene in age. They consist largely of a >800 m red bed sequence of coarse-grained andesitic volcanic debris-flow deposits (proximal facies) that transition westward into fluvial conglomerates and sandstones (distal facies). The proximal facies has interstratified coarse-grained trachyandesite block-and-ash-flow tuffs with a 40Ar/39Ar age of 18.72 ± 0.24 Ma. This section is cut by mafic- to intermediate-composition dikes, with lesser plugs, that have 40Ar/39Ar ages of 16.88 ± 0.30 Ma to 14.85 ± 0.05 Ma. This early Miocene assemblage is truncated by an angular unconformity and overlain by Pliocene high-Sr/Y trachyandesite lavas, with an 40Ar/39Ar age of 4.02 ± 0.04 Ma. The younger rocks on the east side of the Potrero fault are assigned to the Upper Comondú Group, which is middle to late Miocene in age. This unit is dominated by small lava shields, with diameters of 2–9 km and thicknesses up to 300 m. The lava shields have basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, andesite, high-Sr/Y trachyandesite, and dacite compositions, with 40Ar/39Ar ages of 13.39 ± 0.03 Ma to 10.74 ± 0.08 Ma (four samples). At two localities in the map area, the Upper Comondú Group lava shields rest in angular unconformity on the Middle Comondú Group red beds and dikes, and the eruptive equivalents of the dikes are missing along this unconformity. We correlated this unconformity with the unconformity at the top of the Middle Comondú Group on the west side of the Potrero fault to estimate a vertical component of slip of at least 800 m down-to-the-east across the Potrero fault. The lateral component of slip is not known, because the regions to the north and south are unmapped, so piercing points cannot be identified. The Middle Comondú Group in the Mulegé–La Trinidad area forms part of a regionally extensive, early Miocene lithostratigraphic unit, hundreds of meters thick, that outcrops for a distance of 500 km along the central to southern Gulf of California margin. It thickens and coarsens eastward, through what is now the Concepción Peninsula, where it also contains early Miocene dikes and hypabyssal intrusions and is similarly capped by an angular unconformity, with eruptive equivalents of the dikes and intrusions missing along the unconformity. We propose that the laterally extensive Middle Comondú Group was deposited in a rift basin, bounded by a west-dipping normal fault system that lay to the east of what is now the Concepción Peninsula, in the present-day offshore Gulf of California. We infer that the thick, coarse-grained volcanic andesitic debris-flow deposits of the Middle Comondú Group were shed from large andesite arc stratovolcanoes (Comondú arc) that also lay to the east in the present-day Gulf of California. We interpret the volumetrically minor block-and-ash-flow tuffs, dikes, and hypabyssal intrusions of the Middle Comondú Group to record minor magmatism in a forearc position. We also suggest that the angular unconformity at the top of the Middle Comondú Group records thermal uplift that occurred as the arc axis swept westward (trenchward) into the region, at ca. 14 Ma, due to continued slab rollback that began in the Oligocene under western Mexico. The Upper Comondú Group lavas in the Mulegé–La Trinidad area form part of a Middle to Upper Miocene lithostratigraphic unit, hundreds of meters thick, which outcrops for a distance of 700 km along the central to southern Gulf of California margin. This unit consists largely of andesite and basaltic andesite lavas erupted from stratovolcanoes in the axis of the Comondú arc. The Upper Comondú Group lavas thicken dramatically eastward toward the Bahía Concepción fault, a down-to-the-west normal fault that bounds the Concepción Peninsula on its west side. We thus infer that this fault became active in middle Miocene time (14 Ma). This fault records westward encroachment of normal faulting concurrent with the westward sweep of the arc axis, from the Gulf of California into Baja California. The Pliocene high-Sr/Y basaltic trachyandesite lavas that form the structurally highest part of the Mulegé–La Trinidad area form an erosional escarpment that does not extend to the Potrero fault, so the lavas cannot be used to determine whether the Potrero fault was active before, during, or after their eruption. The Pliocene high-Sr/Y basaltic trachyandesite lavas are a previously unidentified part of the regional postsubduction suite of “bajaites,” attributed to slab window magmatism.

Abstract In Mexico, Ordovician sedimentary rocks are exposed in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua and Oaxaca, comprising approximately 30 stratigraphic successions ranging from Lower to Upper Ordovician. The ages of the sequences have been established primarily by utilizing conodonts and graptolites, which have also allowed us to differentiate between platform and oceanic basin environments. The State of Sonora has the most complete Ordovician stratigraphic sequences, ranging from Tremadocian to Hirnantian. The deposits in Baja California are Floian in age, while the sequences of Chihuahua range from Sandbian to Katian, and the deposits in Oaxaca are Tremadocian. The Ordovician deposits of northern Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, and Chihuahua) present a palaeogeographic relationship to the North American craton, mainly owing to faunal interspecific affinities, while the southern deposits (Oaxaca) are controversial owing to the high degree of endemism of the faunas; however, they show affinity with Gondwana, Baltica and Avalonia, with a possible insular origin. The biotic assemblages of the Ordovician of Mexico include a variety of taxa, including algae, poriferans, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, molluscs, trilobites, echinoderms, graptolites and conodonts as predominant elements. Despite many years of field studies in Mexican Ordovician localities, biostratigraphic correlations are as yet insufficient and incomplete or are based on limited interpretations. Thus, the Ordovician biostratigraphic data from Mexico compiled in the present paper have great potential and significant value. The advancement in the knowledge of the Ordovician biostratigraphy of Mexico will contribute to a major understanding of the relationships with the Ordovician System to a continental scale. Future advances will come mainly through increasing the amount and quality of data as well as improving biocorrelations among the Ordovician sequences of Mexico.

ABSTRACT The North American Cordillera experienced significant and varied tectonism during the Triassic to Paleogene time interval. Herein, we highlight selected questions and controversies that remain at this time. First, we describe two tectonic processes that have hindered interpretations of the evolution of the orogen: (1) strike-slip systems with poorly resolved displacement; and (2) the closing of ocean basins of uncertain size, origin, and mechanism of closure. Next, we divide the orogen into southern, central, and northern segments to discuss selected controversies relevant to each area. Controversies/questions from the southern segment include: What is the origin of cryptic transform faults (Mojave-Sonora megashear vs. California Coahuila transform fault)? Is the Nazas an arc or a continental rift province? What is the Arperos basin (Guerrero terrane), and did its closure produce the Mexican fold-and-thrust belt? How may inherited basement control patterns of deformation during subduction? Controversies/questions from the central segment include: Can steeply dipping mantle anomalies be reconciled with geology? What caused high-flux events in the Sierra Nevada batholith? What is the origin of the North American Cordilleran anatectic belt? How does the Idaho segment of the orogen connect to the north and south? Controversies/questions from the northern segment include: How do we solve the Baja–British Columbia problem? How big and what kind of basin was the Early Cretaceous lost ocean basin? What connections can be found between Arctic geology and Cordilleran geology in Alaska? How do the Cretaceous tectonic events in the Arctic and northern Alaska connect with the Cordilleran Cretaceous events? What caused the Eocene tectonic transitions seen throughout the northern Cordillera? By addressing these questions along the length of the Cordillera, we hope to highlight common problems and facilitate productive discussion on the development of these features.