Abstract The Antrim Lava Group of NE Ireland comprises a volcanic sequence dominated by basaltic lava flows. Including subsidiary sedimentary interlayers and some evolved lavas and intrusions, the overall sequence reaches a cumulative thickness of ∼800 m. The tempo of eruption of the Antrim Lava Group is poorly constrained but can be evaluated via weathering patterns and environmental reconstructions derived from lava-flow interbeds. In this contribution, we present palynology from a newly identified and well-developed 2.0–2.5 m thick sedimentary sequence (interbed) at Ross's Quarry, Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, that helps elucidate the contemporary development of environments in a setting subject to periodic basaltic volcanism. The interbed is subdivided into geologically distinct subunits of cross-bedded and parallel-bedded sandstones and sandy siltstones, all rich in visible organic remains such as rootlets and fragments of wood and bark. A total of 19 samples was collected from the sequence and subsequently analysed for palynological content. The palynomorph data point toward a diversity of inputs ranging from estuaries, chalky soils, dry soils, swamps, lakes, floodplains, sand bars, wet soils, established bogs and fenlands. In contrast to current understanding, the palynological data and their inferred environments collectively reveal the presence of flora that favour a temperate climate rather than the subtropical climate that has previously been inferred from the lateritic interbeds of the Antrim Lava Group. By combining the Ross's Quarry observations with palynological data from other quarry sites and boreholes in Antrim, we provide new insights into the climate, weathering systems and eruptive history of the Antrim Lava Group.

ABSTRACT Three Silurian basin fills, the Llandovery–Wenlock Croagh Patrick and Killary Harbour–Joyce Country successions and the Ludlow–Pridoli Louisburgh–Clare Island succession, overstep the tectonic contacts between elements of the Grampian (Taconic) accretionary history of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogeny in western Ireland. New U-Pb detrital zircon data from lower strata of these Silurian rocks provide insight into basin evolution and paleogeography. The shallow-marine Croagh Patrick succession unconformably overlies the Clew Bay Complex and the northern part of the Ordovician South Mayo Trough. Two samples have zircon populations dominated by Proterozoic grains typical of the Laurentian margin, with few younger grains. Up to 13% of the grains form a cluster at ca. 950–800 Ma, which is younger than known Grenville magmatism on the local Laurentian margin and older than known magmatism from Iapetan rifting; these may be recycled grains from Dalradian strata, derived from distal Tonian intrusions. The Killary Harbour–Joyce Country succession overlies the structural contact between the Lough Nafooey arc and the Connemara Dalradian block and records a transgressive-regressive cycle. Four samples of the Lough Mask Formation show contrasting age spectra. Two samples from east of the Maam Valley fault zone, one each from above Dalradian and Nafooey arc basement, are dominated by Proterozoic grains with ages typical of a Laurentian or Dalradian source, likely in north Mayo. One sample also includes 8% Silurian grains. Two samples from west of the fault overlie Dalradian basement and are dominated by Ordovician grains. Circa 450 Ma ages are younger than any preserved Ordovician rocks in the region and are inferred to represent poorly preserved arc fragments that are exposed in northeastern North America. Cambrian to late Neoproterozoic grains in association with young Ordovician ages suggest derivation from a peri-Gondwanan source in the late stages of Iapetus closure. The Louisburgh–Clare Island succession comprises terrestrial red beds. It unconformably overlies the Clew Bay Complex on Clare Island and is faulted against the Croagh Patrick succession on the mainland. The Strake Banded Formation yielded an age spectrum dominated by Proterozoic Laurentian as well as Ordovician–Silurian ages. Although the basin formed during strike-slip deformation along the Laurentian margin in Ireland and Scotland, sediment provenance is consistent with local Dalradian sources and contemporaneous volcanism. Our results support ideas that Ganderian continental fragments became part of Laurentia prior to the full closure of the Iapetus Ocean.

Geoscience students often have difficulty interpreting real-world spatial relationships from traditional two-dimensional geologic maps. This can be partly addressed with direct, tactile field experiences, although three-dimensional (3-D) cognition can still be hampered by incomplete exposure of all spatial dimensions. Many of these barriers can be overcome by incorporating computer-based, virtual 3-D visualizations within undergraduate field-oriented curricula. Digital field equipment is fast becoming a standard tool in environmental, engineering, and geoscience industries, in part because of the increased accessibility of ruggedized computers equipped with global positioning system (GPS) receivers. Handheld computers with geographic information systems (GIS) software record and display data in real time, which increases the accuracy and utility of draft field maps. New techniques and software allow digital field data to be displayed and interpreted within virtual 3-D platforms, such as Google Earth. The James Madison University Field Course provides a field geology curriculum that incorporates digital field mapping and computer-based visualizations to enhance 3-D interpretative skills. Students use mobile, handheld computers to collect field data, such as lithologic and structural information, and analyze and interpret their digital data to prepare professional-quality geologic maps of their field areas. Student data and maps are incorporated into virtual 3-D terrain models, from which partly inferred map features, such as contacts and faults, can be evaluated relative to topography to better constrain map interpretations. This approach familiarizes students with modern tools that can improve their interpretation of field geology and provides an example of the way in which digital technologies are revolutionizing traditional field methods. Initial student feedback suggests strong support for this curriculum integrating digital field data collection, map preparation, and 3-D visualization and interpretation to enhance student learning in the field.

The objective of the environmental science component of the James Madison University field course in Ireland is to provide students with opportunities to conduct original hypothesis-driven research. We use an exercise in fluvial geomorphology as a case example of the way students used field observations and basic principles demonstrated by faculty mentors to develop and test hypotheses about the formation and function of rivers. Specifically, students addressed two fundamental, and currently unresolved, questions: (1) Can the location of large gravel bars be predicted? (2) What controls channel width? Students also gained insight into foundational concepts in fluvial geomorphology by investigating the distribution of deposited sediments, and deciphering how past environmental conditions provide first-order controls on the morphology of a modern-day river channel. In addition to identifying important geo-morphic patterns, students gained useful skills in developing and testing scientific questions in a rigorous and data-rich manner.

A new model is proposed for the problematic preservation of an Ordovician forearc basin, which records a complete sedimentary record of arc-continent collision during the Grampian (Taconic) orogeny in the west of Ireland. The South Mayo Trough represents an arc and forearc complex developed above a subduction zone in which the slab dipped away from the Laurentian passive margin. The collision of this arc with Laurentia caused the Middle Ordovician Grampian orogeny. However, the South Mayo Trough, in the hanging wall of this collision zone, remained a site of marine sedimentation during the entire process. Early sediments show derivation from an island-arc complex, an ophiolitic backstop, and polymetamorphic trench sediments. These are conformably overlain by marine deposits derived from a more evolved arc complex and an emerging juvenile orogen. This transition is dated as being coeval with the Grampian metamorphism of the Laurentian footwall. The problem remains as to why subsidence continued in a basin on the hanging wall. It is proposed that the suppression of the expected topography is due to the nature of the Laurentian continental margin. Geophysical and geological evidence suggests that this was a volcanic margin during Neoproterozoic rifting. It is argued that the subduction of this margin caused the formation of eclogites, which reduced its buoyancy. Simple numerical models are presented which show that this is a viable mechanism for the suppression of topography during early stages of arc-continent collision and hence for the preservation of forearcs.