Abstract Neoproterozoic ophiolites, ranging in age from c. 870 Ma to c. 627 Ma, occur in several discrete suture and/or fault zones within the Arabian Shield and display a record of riftdrift, sea-floor spreading and collision tectonics during the evolution of the East African Orogen. The ophiolites within the Yanbu and Bir Umq suture zones in the west are among the oldest (870–740 Ma) in the Shield, locally show a Penrose-tyep complete pseudostratigraphy, and have chemical compositions typical of modern forearc oceanic crust. They are spatially associated with coeval and younger volcanic arc assemblages and were incorporated into the Arabian Shield during a series of collisional events that amalgamated these ensimatic arc terranes. The ophiolites of the Hulayfah-Ruwah suture zone in the central Arabian Shield are coeval with and/or slightly younger ( c. 843–821 Ma) than the ophiolites in the west and probably developed in a rifted ensimatic arc system that evolved as a volcanic archipelago near the Afif continental plate. Younger ophiolites ( c. 694 Ma) of the Halaban and Al Amar suture zones in the eastern Arabian Shield were incorporated into a subduction-accretion complex that evolved at the Andean-type active margin along the eastern edge (in present coordinate system) of the Afif continental plate. The Halaban suture zone ophiolites represent forearc oceanic crust, whereas the Al Amar suture zone ophiolites are scraped-off fragments of Mozambique ocean floor, seamounts and/or ocean island(s); the Abt Schist between them corresponds to a Franciscan-type accretionary prism of the ‘Halaban’ subduction zone. The incorporation of these ophiolites and the continental plates (Afif and Ar Rayn) into the Arabian Shield during 640–620 Ma marks a major shift in the direction of convergence (from northerly to westerly) during the assembly of the Shield and distinct episodes of continental collisions during closure of the Mozambique Ocean. The ophiolites of the Nabitah-Hamdah fault zone within the Asir terrane are the youngest ( c. 627 Ma) in the Shield, post-collisional in origin, display mid-ocean ridge basalt chemical affinity, and represent Ligurian-type oceanic crust developed in an intracontinental pararift zone. The ophiolite tectonics of the Arabian Shield indicates an eastward progression of continental growth through time as the East African Orogen was built during the late Neoproterozoic, following the breakup of Rodinia.