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The Western Limit of Iapetan Rifting in the Eastern United States: A New Assessment
ABSTRACT In a well-defined subrecess in the Appalachian thrust belt in northwestern Georgia, two distinct fold trains intersect at ~50° in the down-plunge depression of the Floyd synclinorium. A mushwad (ductile duplex) of tectonically thickened weak-layer rocks (primarily the shale-dominated Cambrian Conasauga Formation) filled the space beneath folds and faults of the overlying Cambrian–Ordovician regional stiff layer (mushwad roof). Measurements of the mushwad thickness from balanced cross sections provide the basis for three-dimensional (3-D) models. Tectonically thickened weak-layer shales in a model using a simple line-length balance of the stiff layer have a volume of ~64% of the volume in the deformed-state model, indicating that this balanced reconstruction is not appropriate. Previous work demonstrated deposition of a thick mud-dominated succession in a basement graben to balance the volume. A 3-D model incorporating a thick Conasauga Formation shale succession deposited in a basement graben yields good correspondence to the deformed-state mushwad volume. That model requires vertical separation on the graben boundary faults greater than the present small-magnitude separation; unconformable truncation of the upper part of the Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate succession documents Ordovician inversion of the graben boundary faults. In the 3-D models, the distribution of thickness in the deformed state suggests movement of weak-layer shale out of the planes of cross sections and up plunge away from the structural depression of the Floyd synclinorium. Out-of-plane tectonic translation is consistent with a relatively uniform depositional thickness of ~800 m, which allows calculation of the magnitude of vertical separation on basement faults during Conasauga Formation deposition.
Detrital-zircon analyses, provenance, and late Paleozoic sediment dispersal in the context of tectonic evolution of the Ouachita orogen
Detrital zircons and sediment dispersal in the eastern Midcontinent of North America
Tectonic inheritance at multiple scales during more than two complete Wilson cycles recorded in eastern North America
Abstract Eastern North America holds clear records of two Wilson cycles and hints of two earlier cycles, through which tectonic inheritance is evident at multiple scales. Large-scale transform offsets of rifted margins indicate inheritance through multiple cycles; transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems suggest a transform-parallel fabric in the lithosphere. Rift segments of the continental margins did not inherit the locations of earlier rifts; synrift intracratonic fault systems follow earlier contractional fabrics of supercontinent assembly. Large-scale curves of the Appalachian–Ouachita orogenic belt (closing of the Iapetus Ocean) mimic the shape of the Iapetan rifted margin of Laurentia. Basins along the Iapetan rifted margin reflect inheritance from transform faults in the greater magnitudes of early post-rift thermal subsidence and later synorogenic tectonic loading and flexural subsidence. Older synrift basement faults buttressed the frontal ramps of Appalachian–Ouachita thin-skinned thrust faults. Basement fault blocks and associated synrift stratigraphic variations in the weak layers that host the regional décollement localized transverse alignments of lateral ramps, as well as tectonic thickening of a mud-dominated graben-fill succession in a ductile duplex (mushwad). The many examples of tectonic inheritance attest to the linkages between processes of successive opening and closing of oceans, as well as the break-up and assembly of supercontinents, through successive Wilson cycles.
Detrital zircons and sediment dispersal from the Coahuila terrane of northern Mexico into the Marathon foreland of the southern Midcontinent
Detrital zircons and sediment dispersal in the Appalachian foreland
Detrital zircons from crystalline rocks along the Southern Oklahoma fault system, Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains, USA
Grenville basement structure associated with the Eastern Tennessee seismic zone, southeastern USA
Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the Ocloyic synorogenic clastic wedge, and Ordovician accretion of the Argentine Precordillera terrane
Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argentine Precordillera and Laurentia
Detrital-zircon geochronology and sedimentary provenance
The Iapetan rifted margin of southern Laurentia
The Laurentian margin of northeastern North America
The eastern Laurentian margin in northeastern North America is marked by promontories and embayments that are defined by northeast-striking rift zones offset by northwest-striking transform faults. The complete history of the northeastern margin, from the initiation of continental rifting to the onset of passive-margin thermal subsidence, is preserved in a dynamic stratigraphic succession and in anorogenic magmatic suites. Late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian clastic and volcanic deposits overlie ca. 1.0 Ga and older Laurentian basement and define multiphase continental extension that rifted Laurentia out of Rodinia, opening the Iapetus Ocean as well as the more marginal Humber Seaway. Continental extension is also expressed in a set of basement fault systems that extend into the craton perpendicular to the northeastern Laurentian margin. Lower Cambrian sandstones at the base of a transgressive passive-margin succession overlie synrift rocks and basement, defining the time of transition for the eastern Laurentian margin from an active rift to a passive-margin environment. The passive margin is expressed as a broad late Early Cambrian through early Middle Ordovician carbonate bank and associated offshelf facies. Synthesis of the available data reveals significant along-strike variations in the thickness, composition, age, and facies of important synrift and postrift stratigraphic successions between the northern Appalachian rift zones. These variations are consistent with models for low-angle detachment rift systems and allow for the resolution of the underlying basement architecture of the eastern Laurentian margin specific to low-angle detachments, including upper-plate margins, lower-plate margins, and transform faults that bound zones of oppositely dipping low-angle detachments.
Interactions between the southern Appalachian–Ouachita orogenic belt and basement faults in the orogenic footwall and foreland
Basement faults in the southern Appalachian–Ouachita footwall and foreland include crustal-scale rift and transform elements of the late Proterozoic–Cambrian Iapetan rifted margin of southern Laurentia, synrift intracratonic basement fault systems in rift-parallel and transform-parallel orientations, and down-to-basin basement faults in late Paleozoic foreland basins. Late Paleozoic emplacement of allochthons accommodated a sinuous trace, mimicking the embayments and promontories of the Iapetan continental margin. Late Paleozoic tectonic loading reactivated synrift intracratonic faults, and either reactivated or initiated down-to-basin fault systems in foreland basins. Basement faults in the orogenic footwall localized thin-skinned thrust ramps, demonstrating interplay of causes and effects in the interactions between basement faults and the southern Appalachian–Ouachita orogen.
Ductile duplexes as potential natural gas plays: an example from the Appalachian thrust belt in Georgia, USA
Abstract In a well-defined small-scale recess in the Appalachian thrust belt in northwestern Georgia (USA), two distinct regional strike directions intersect at c. 50°. Fault intersections and interference folds enable tracing of both structural strikes. Around the recess, tectonically thickened weak stratigraphic layers – shales of the Cambrian Conasauga Formation – accommodated ductile deformation associated with the folding and faulting of the overlying Cambrian–Ordovician regional competent layer. The structures in the competent layer are analogous to those over ductile duplexes documented along strike to the SW in Alabama, where gas production has been established from the deformed shale. The analogy with structures in Alabama suggests a ductile duplex and natural gas potential within the recess in Georgia. The tectonic thickening of the weak-layer shales is evident in palinspastically restored cross sections, which demonstrate a nearly 100% increase in volume over the restored state cross sections. The dominant cause of the surplus shale volume is likely pre-thrusting deposition of thick shale in a basement graben that was later inverted. The volume balance of the ductile duplex is critical for palinspastic reconstruction of the recess, and for the kinematic history and mechanics of the ductile duplex.
Stratigraphy and structure of the Laurentian rifted margin in the northern Appalachians: A low-angle detachment rift system
Thermal footprint of an eroded thrust sheet in the southern Appalachian thrust belt, Alabama, USA
Pennsylvanian sinistral faults along the southwest boundary of the Uncompahgre uplift, Ancestral Rocky Mountains, Colorado
Crustal recycling in the Appalachian foreland
Continental crust is recycled into orogenic forelands by the distinct but inter- related processes of tectonic imbrication and sedimentary dispersal. Tectonic loading by the orogen drives flexural subsidence of a foreland basin, and the orogen provides a source of sedimentary detritus to fill the basin. Detrital zircons in Pennsylvanian-age sandstones in the Appalachian (Alleghanian) foreland basin reflect an Alleghanian orogenic source of recycled and primary detritus from Grenville-age basement rocks and Iapetan synrift rocks, which also yield pre-Grenville recycled craton-derived detrital zircons. Minor contributions are from Taconic- and Acadian-age plutons and accreted Gondwanan terranes. Ages of the detrital zircons show that most of the synorogenic clastic-wedge sediment was recycled from older continental crustal rocks. Cratonward thrusting of crystalline thrust sheets over the foreland recycles continental crustal rocks from the continental margin and thickens the continental crust. Along the Alleghanian foreland, the Blue Ridge thrust sheet of crystalline basement rocks and Piedmont thrust sheets of metasedimentary rocks represent imbrication and thickening of rocks of continental crustal composition. Both tectonic imbrication in foreland thrust sheets and sediment dispersal into the foreland basin recycle and thicken continental crust.