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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Arctic region
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Asia
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United States
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Invertebrata
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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U-234 (1)
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U-238/U-234 (1)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
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metals
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alkaline earth metals
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strontium
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mineral deposits, genesis (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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North America
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oxygen
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sediments
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gravel (1)
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sulfur
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tectonics
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neotectonics (1)
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United States
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Albuquerque Basin (1)
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Arizona
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Gila County Arizona
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Tonto Basin (1)
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New Mexico
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Eddy County New Mexico
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Carlsbad Caverns (3)
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Lechuguilla Cave (1)
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Jemez Lineament (1)
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Lincoln County New Mexico (1)
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Sierra County New Mexico (1)
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Torrance County New Mexico (1)
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Valencia County New Mexico (1)
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Valles Caldera (1)
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Southwestern U.S. (4)
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Texas (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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dolostone (1)
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limestone (1)
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travertine (3)
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clastic rocks
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sparagmite (1)
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sediments
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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gravel (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Date
Availability
Large negative δ 238 U anomalies in endogenic-type travertine systems Available to Purchase
Carving Grand Canyon’s inner gorge: A test of steady incision versus rapid knickzone migration Open Access
Rapid speleothem δ 13 C change in southwestern North America coincident with Greenland stadial 20 and the Toba (Indonesia) supereruption Available to Purchase
7. Depth and timing of calcite spar and “spar cave” genesis: Implications for landscape evolution studies Open Access
Calcite spar (crystals >1 cm in diameter) are common in limestone and dolostone terrains. In the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and west Texas, calcite spar is abundant and lines small geode-like caves. Determining the depth and timing of formation of these large scalenohedral calcite crystals is critical in linking the growth of spar with landscape evolution. In this study, we show that large euhedral calcite crystals precipitate deep in the phreatic zone (400–800 m) in these small geode-like caves (spar caves), and we propose both are the result of properties of supercritical CO 2 at that depth. U-Pb dating of spar crystals shows that they formed primarily between 36 and 28 Ma. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of the euhedral calcite spar show that the spar has a significantly higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (0.710–0.716) than the host Permian limestone (0.706–0.709). This indicates the spar formed from waters that are mixed with, or formed entirely from, a source other than the surrounding bedrock aquifer, and this is consistent with hypogene speleogenesis at significant depth. In addition, we conducted highly precise measurements of the variation in nonradiogenic isotopes of strontium, 88 Sr/ 86 Sr, expressed as δ 88 Sr, the variation of which has previously been shown to depend on temperature of precipitation. Our preliminary δ 88 Sr results from the spar calcite are consistent with formation at 50–70 °C. Our first U-Pb results show that the spar was precipitated during the beginning of Basin and Range tectonism in a late Eocene to early Oligocene episode, which was coeval with two major magmatic periods at 36–33 Ma and 32–28 Ma. A novel speleogenetic process that includes both the dissolution of the spar caves and precipitation of the spar by the same speleogenetic event is proposed and supports the formation of the spar at 400–800 m depth, where the transition from supercritical to subcritical CO 2 drives both dissolution of limestone during the main speleogenetic event and precipitation of calcite at the terminal phase of speleogenesis. We suggest that CO 2 is derived from contemporaneous igneous activity. This proposed model suggests that calcite spar can be used for reconstruction of landscape evolution.