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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Europe
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Borden Group (5)
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Cuyahoga Formation (1)
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Fort Payne Formation (3)
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Kinderhookian (3)
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Lake Valley Formation (1)
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Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (6)
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Keokuk Limestone (9)
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Tournaisian (2)
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Middle Mississippian (2)
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Price Formation (1)
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Ramp Creek Formation (2)
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Upper Mississippian
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Indiana
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Iowa
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Kentucky
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Bullitt County Kentucky (2)
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Hardin County Kentucky (1)
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Jefferson County Kentucky
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Louisville Kentucky (1)
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Maryland
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sedimentary rocks
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Carboniferous crinoids
Abstract During the Carboniferous, crinoids were commonly so abundant that their skeletal ossicles formed limestones termed encrinites. Major evolutionary changes occurred within the Camerata and Articuliformes, as the former were displaced by the latter as the dominant clade. Both the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian subperiods started with high evolutionary rates and ended with low evolutionary rates associated with glaciation. Although not typically used for biostratigraphy, crown-based crinoid genera can be used as biostratigraphic indicators for Carboniferous stages. Paleozoic crinoid biodiversity reached its maximum during the Carboniferous, from which there are numerous well-documented localities with high biodiversity. Faunas from the palaeobiogeographical regions of Laurussia, Palaeo-Tethys and Gondwana are reviewed. For Mississippian crinoids, 37 genera are designated as biostratigraphically useful; and, for the Pennsylvanian, 44 genera are identified. Recognition of the utility of these genera for biostratigraphy is important for dating crinoid deposits, which may be devoid of other biostratigraphically useful fossils, and add to our overall ability to delineate the temporal resolution of life on Earth.
Exaptation of pelmatozoan oral surfaces: constructional pathways in tegmen evolution
Generic concepts in the Actinocrinitidae Austin and Austin, 1842 (class Crinoidea) and evaluation of generic assignments of species
Camerate Crinoids from the Nunn Member (Tournaisian, Osagean) of the Lower Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, New Mexico
Cladid Crinoids from the Late Kinderhookian Meadville Shale, Cuyahoga Formation of Ohio
GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE BATOCRINIDAE WACHSMUTH AND SPRINGER, 1881 (CLASS CRINOIDEA)
GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE PLATYCRINITIDAE AUSTIN AND AUSTIN, 1842 (CLASS CRINOIDEA)
Generic Concepts in the Amphoracrinidae Bather, 1899 (Class Crinoidea) and Evaluation of Generic Assignments of North American Species
Biostratigraphy Of Crinoids From the Wymps Gap Member of the Greenbrier Formation (Mississippian, Chesterian) in Northern West Virginia
Evidence for eustasy at the Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary is presented here in a new synthesis based on detailed analysis of the boundary in the central Appalachian Basin and regional mapping of the Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary unconformity in the conterminous United States. Detailed stratigraphic analysis within the central Appalachian Basin shows that coarse-grained, fluvial sandstones (Black Hand, Burgoon, Big Injun, Purslane) are associated with valley incision up to 60 m and a widespread sequence boundary (SB2) that is inferred to have resulted from a forced regression during the Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary interval. The extent of unconformity at the boundary was evaluated by mapping the inferred positions of shorelines during the Kinderhookian, Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary interval, and early Osagean based on stratigraphic data from Correlation of Stratigraphic Units of North America (COSUNA) charts. This analysis shows areas of extensive unconformity at the Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary across the United States inferred to be the result of sea-level fall and recovery during a period of ~2 m.y. or less, based on missing conodont zones. The Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary is equivalent in age to the global Tn2-Tn3 boundary, and supporting evidence for global regression and eustasy at this boundary is also reviewed. The combination of this evidence for eustasy with recently reported middle to early late Tournaisian (Tn2a-Tn3b) diamictites in South America permits the inference of continental glaciation at this time. Previous studies of oxygen and carbon isotope data from marine carbonates and fossils have shown strong positive anomalies suggestive of global cooling at the Kinderhookian-Osagean and Tn2-Tn3 boundary, providing further support for the hypothesis of continental glaciation in the late Tournaisian.