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Discussion of the paper by Galuskin and Galuskina (2003), “Evidence of the anthropogenic origin of the ‘Carmel sapphire’ with enigmatic super-reduced minerals”
The subantarctic lithospheric mantle
Abstract We present a summary of peridotite in the Subantarctic (46–60° S) surrounding the Antarctic Plate. Peridotite xenoliths occur on the Kerguelen Islands and Auckland Islands. The Kerguelen Islands are underlain by a plume, whereas the Auckland Islands are part of continental Zealandia, which is a Gondwana-rifted fragment. Small amounts of serpentinized peridotite has been dredged from fracture zones on the Southeast Indian Ridge, Southwest Indian Ridge and Pacific Antarctic Ridge, and represent upwelled asthenosphere accreted to form lithosphere. Suprasubduction-zone peridotite was collected from two locations on the Sandwich Plate. Peridotites from most subantarctic occurrences are moderately to highly depleted, and many show signs of subsequent metasomatic enrichment. Os isotopes indicate that subantarctic continental and oceanic lithospheric mantle contains ancient fragments that underwent depletion long before formation of the overlying crust.
Cenozoic intraplate volcanism in central Asia: Mantle upwelling induced by India-Eurasia collision
Immiscible metallic melts in the upper mantle beneath Mount Carmel, Israel: Silicides, phosphides, and carbides
Cr 2 O 3 in corundum: Ultrahigh contents under reducing conditions
Characterization of the metasomatizing agent in the upper mantle beneath the northern Pannonian Basin based on Raman imaging, FIB-SEM, and LA-ICP-MS analyses of silicate melt inclusions in spinel peridotite
Immiscible-melt inclusions in corundum megacrysts: Microanalyses and geological implications
Recycled volatiles determine fertility of porphyry deposits in collisional settings
Elevated Magmatic Chlorine and Sulfur Concentrations in the Eocene-Oligocene Machangqing Cu-Mo Porphyry Systems
Abstract The Machangqing porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located in the Sangjiang region, Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan metallogenic belt, southeastern Tibet. It has three main phases of felsic-mafic intrusions: barren granites, ore-forming porphyry intrusions, and mafic lamprophyres. U-Pb zircon dating shows that these intrusions were emplaced over a period of ~3 m.y., with lamprophyres at 36.50 ± 1.6 Ma (1 σ ), porphyry intrusion at 34.26 ± 0.22 Ma (1 σ ), and granite intruded at 34.00 ± 0.26 Ma (1 σ ). The in situ Rb-Sr analysis of phlogopite and amphibole, primary minerals in the lamprophyres, also gives a date of 36.5 ± 1.5 Ma (2 σ ), regarded as the emplacement age of the lamprophyre, earlier than the ore-forming porphyry intrusions. The magmatic phases have significantly different sulfur and chlorine contents. The SO 3 contents of igneous apatite microphenocrysts from the mineralization-related porphyry intrusions are higher (0.24 ± 0.14 wt %, 1 σ , n = 82) than those from the barren granites (0.08 ± 0.07 wt %, 1 σ , n = 30). The chlorine contents in apatite grains from the porphyry intrusions (0.18 ± 0.16 wt %, 1 σ ) are also higher than those from granites (0.04 ± 0.02 wt % Cl, 1 σ ). The apatite in lamprophyres have higher sulfur (0.68 ± 0.19 wt %, 1 σ , n = 40) and chlorine (0.48 ± 0.13 wt %, 1 σ ). The large difference of Cl and S in lamprophyres might suggest that elevated magmatic volatile contents derived from the mafic magma were important for ore formation in the Machangqing porphyry systems. The in situ Sr and O isotopes in apatite phenocrysts from the porphyry intrusions ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr: 0.70593–0.70850; δ 18 O: 6.0–7.0) are similar to those in the lamprophyres ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr: 0.70595–0.70964; δ 18 O: 5.4–6.9), consistent with similar origins for their volatile contents. These data may indicate that the deeper magma chamber was recharged by a relatively S-Cl-rich mafic magma similar to the lamprophyres, triggering the ore-forming magmatic event. This study also suggests that origin of apatite Sr and also volatile contents, combined with in situ Sr and O isotopes, could be useful for fingerprinting fertile intrusions associated with mineralization within drainage source areas or in outcrops.
Parageneses of TiB 2 in corundum xenoliths from Mt. Carmel, Israel: Siderophile behavior of boron under reducing conditions
Discovery of the first natural hydride
A terrestrial magmatic hibonite-grossite-vanadium assemblage: Desilication and extreme reduction in a volcanic plumbing system, Mount Carmel, Israel
Cu isotopes reveal initial Cu enrichment in sources of giant porphyry deposits in a collisional setting
Super-reduced mineral assemblages in “ophiolitic” chromitites and peridotites: the view from Mount Carmel
ABSTRACT Detailed petrography, microstructure, and geochemistry of garnet pyroxenite xenoliths in Holocene basanite tuffs from maars at Lakes Bullenmerri and Gnotuk (western Victoria, southeastern Australia) have been used to track their igneous and metamorphic history, enabling the reconstruction of the thermal-tectonic evolution of the lithospheric mantle. The exsolution of orthopyroxene and garnet and rare spinel, plagioclase, and ilmenite from complex clinopyroxene megacrysts suggests that the xenoliths originally were clinopyroxene-dominant cumulates associated with minor garnet, orthopyroxene, or spinel. The compositions of exsolved phases and their host clinopyroxene were reintegrated using measured modal proportions to show that the primary clinopyroxene was enriched in Al 2 O 3 (5.53–13.63 wt%) and crystallized at ~1300–1500 °C and 16–30 kbar. These cumulates then underwent extensive exsolution, recrystallization, and reaction during cooling, and finally equilibrated at ~950–1100 °C and 12–18 kbar before entrainment in the basanites. Rare earth element (REE) thermobarometry of garnets and coexisting clinopyroxenes preserves evidence of an intermediate stage (1032 °C and 21 kbar). These results imply that the protoliths of the garnet pyroxenite formed at a range of depths from ~50 to 100 km, and then during or shortly after cooling, they were tectonically emplaced to higher levels (~40–60 km; i.e., uplifted by at least 10–20 km) along the prevailing geotherm. This uplift may have been connected with lithosphere-scale faulting during the Paleozoic orogeny, or during Mesozoic–Cenozoic rifting of eastern Australia.