Abstract Uludağ is a prominent mountain in northwestern Turkey where glacial deposits have been documented in the Kovuk Valley and the glacial history has been reconstructed based on 31 cosmogenic 10 Be exposure ages from glacially transported boulders and bedrock. The results suggest that the Kovuk Glacier began advancing before 26.5±1.6 ka. It reached its maximum extent at 20.3±1.3 ka, followed by a re-advance at 19.3±1.2 ka, both during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) within Marine Isotope Stage 2. The timing of the LGM glaciations in the Kovuk Valley is consistent with the investigated LGM glaciations in other mountains of Anatolia, the Mediterranean and the Alps. Based on the geomorphological ice margin reconstruction and using the accumulation/ablation area ratio (AAR) approach, the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of the Kovuk LGM glacier was c. 2000 m above sea level for an estimated AAR of 0.67. This indicates a c. 1000 m lowering of the ELA for the LGM compared with the modern ELA estimate. These lines of evidence are consistent with the LGM glaciers that have been documented elsewhere in the Anatolian Mountains. Supplementary material: An input file for exposure age calculation in the CRONUS-Earth online calculator and an KML file for sample locations are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18878

Exposure dating of boulder and bedrock surfaces with 10 Be, 21 Ne, 26 Al, and 36 Cl allows us to constrain periods of glacier expansion in the European Alps. The age of 155 ka from a boulder of Alpine lithology located in the Jura Mountains (Switzerland) provides a minimum age for pre-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), more extensive Alpine glaciations. During the LGM, glaciers expanded onto the foreland after 30 ka. By 21.1 ± 0.9 ka deglaciation had begun, and the Rhône Glacier abandoned the outer moraines. The age of 15.4 ± 1.4 ka provides a minimum age for formation of Gschnitz stadial moraines (Austria). They mark the first clear post-LGM readvance of mountain glaciers, when glacier termini were already situated well inside the mountains. Glacier advance at the onset of the Younger Dryas led to formation of Egesen I moraines, dated to 12.2 ± 1.0 ka at the Schönferwall site (Austria) and to 12.3 ± 1.5 ka at the outer moraine at Julier Pass (Switzerland). The age of 11.3 ± 0.9 ka for the inner moraine / rock glacier complex at Julier Pass corroborates the field evidence, which points to a marked increase in rock glacier activity and delayed moraine stabilization during the late Younger Dryas. An early Preboreal glacier advance, larger than the Little Ice Age advance(s) at 10.8 ± 1.0 ka, was recorded at Kartell cirque (Austria). A moraine doublet located a few hundred meters outside the A.D. 1850 moraines in Kromer Valley (Austria) was dated at 8.4 ± 0.7 ka. At least during termination 1, glacier volumes in the Alps varied in tune with climate oscillations, Heinrich event 1, the Younger Dryas cold phase, the Preboreal oscillation, and the 8.2 ka event.