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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Atlantic Ocean
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Tenerife (1)
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Australia
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phonolites (1)
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metal ores (2)
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actinides
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protactinium (1)
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thorium
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uranium
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U-238/U-234 (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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radium
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Contrasting magmatic cannibalism forms evolved phonolitic magmas in the Canary Islands
Abstract Women have been pioneers in geoscience disciplines such as the structure of the Earth, palaeontology, oil exploration, organic geochemistry and plate tectonics theory. Gaining professional employment and geological credence came slowly, with few women recognized before the late nineteenth century. We highlight their important roles and the obstacles they have overcome to gain degrees and employment, as well as high office. Supplementary material: Supplementary table 1 shows a selection of women geological pioneers who lived, worked and died mainly within the nineteenth century or earlier, and supplementary table 2 gives a selection of geoscience women who lived, worked and died mainly within the twentieth century; they are both available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3283388
Climatic and vegetation control on sediment dynamics during the last glacial cycle
Invincible but mostly invisible: Australian women’s contribution to geology and palaeontology
Abstract Women have played a significant role in Australian geoscience, and especially in palaeontology. ‘Australian’ women gained degrees by the early 20th century and began to contribute intensively. Australian-born young women already immured to the rigours of climate and culture, collected and illustrated fossils, enrolled in the first university courses, thrived in the field, in some instances outnumbering and out-achieving men. Where women palaeontologists made their mark they often energetically concentrated on a taxonomic group, making them their own, as Isabel Cookson did with palynology, Joan Crockford with bryozoans, Irene Crespin especially with foraminifans, Dorothy Hill with corals, Ida Brown with brachiopods, Nell Ludbrook with molluscs, Elizabeth Ripper with stromatoporoids, Kathleen Sherrard with graptolites, and Mary Wade, initially with foraminiferans and then the Ediacaran fauna. Brown, Crespin, Hill, Ludbrook, Wade and their contemporaries did alpha taxonomy, classical geology and biostratigraphical studies that laid the foundations for making maps and work that became recognized nationally and internationally. Some achieved greatness; some – Hill, Cookson, Ludbrook and Phillips Ross – by leaving the country, either to gain their higher degree or to work. Many – for example, Hosking, Johnston, Prendergast, Richards, Ripper, Sullivan and Vincent – are or have been mere shadowy figures with a few publications and then oblivion or even tragedy. Women in geosciences spanning the 20th century in Australia contributed some hundreds of scientific papers, maps and textbooks. Abbreviations: AAP, Association of Australasian Palaeontologists; AAS, Australian Academy of Science; AMDEL, Australian Mineral Development Laboratories; ANZAAS, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science; ARC, Australian Research Council; BAAS, British Association for the Advancement of Science; BMNH, British Museum (Natural History), now The Natural History Museum; BMR, Bureau of Mineral Resources, now Geoscience Australia; CSIRO, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; FGS, Fellow of the Geological Society, London; GA, Geological Association, London; GSA, Geological Society of Australia; GSL, Geological Society, London; GS, Geological Survey (GSNZ, New Zealand; GSQ, Queensland; GSSA, South Australia; GST, Tasmania; GSV, Victoria; GSWA, Western Australia); IGCP, International Geological Correlation Programme (now International Geoscience Programme); IUGS, International Union of Geological Sciences; MBE, Member of the order of the British Empire; NSW, New South Wales; OBE, Officer of the British Empire; PIRSA, Primary Industries Research, South Australia; QLD, Queensland; SA, South Australia; U, University (ANU, Australian National; CU, Cambridge, UK; MU, Melbourne; MUGS, MU Geology Section; SU, Sydney; UA, Adelaide; UMA, MU Archives; UN, University of Newcastle; UNE, New England; UNSW, New South Wales; UQ, Queensland; UT, Tasmania; UWA, Western Australia); UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Sprigg, Glaessner and Wade and the discovery and international recognition of the Ediacaran fauna
Abstract Reg Sprigg was a young geologist when he found Ediacaran fossils in the hills of the western Flinders Ranges of South Australia. At first not taken seriously by his mentors, the reality of his fossils and the true age of his finds were recognized by the late 1940s. Research on these oldest known metazoans of the time was then carried out by Martin Glaessner and his student, Mary Wade, who first studied Foraminifera. Sprigg was not included in this research but took a different path pursuing a career as an economic geologist and founding Santos. Wade and Glaessner interpreted their Ediacaran fossils as worms and jellyfish, but more recent interpretations have led to very different conclusions.
Protracted felsic magmatic activity associated with the opening of the South Atlantic
The “Pamali Breccia” is a small (<100-m diameter, 10- to 35-m thick), semicircular peridotite body that rests on the Bobaris ophiolite in southeast Kalimantan, Indonesia. Generally it has been regarded as a primary source rock for Borneo diamonds, which represents a tectonic breccia that is possibly related to a kimberlite. New geologic, geochemical (major and trace elements), and petrographic data indicate that the Pamali Breccia is, in fact, a sedimentary conglomerate with local Bobaris ophiolite provenance. The Pamali Breccia consists of well-rounded to subangular clasts (0.1 to 20 cm; mean, 0.7 cm), mostly serpentinites and pyroxenites, with clasts of gabbros and greenstones forming minor constituents. Abundant sedimentary features characterize the Pamali Breccia and include well-sorted, matrix-supported, normally graded beds (coarse sand to cobble clast-size), and planar stratification with imbricated pebbles and cobbles. When corrected for near-surface, secondary calcite alteration and normalized to an anhydrous basis, whole-rock samples of the breccia and its component clasts and matrix display geochemical traits typical of ophiolites and other ultramafic rocks (SiO 2 = 42–45 wt. %, 9–12% FeO T , 25–35% MgO, 3–12% CaO, 6–9% Al 2 O 3 , 0.1–1.3% Na 2 O, <0.2% K 2 O). Compatible trace element contents of the Pamali Breccia are more typical of ophiolites than kimberlites or lamproites and range from 600 to 2,000 ppm Ni, 1,400 to 4,000 ppm Cr, and 60 to 100 ppm Co. Large ion-lithophile (incompatible) element contents of the Pamali Breccia display the same features and are in the range of Rb = 10 to 30 ppm, Sr = <10 to 80 ppm, Y <10 ppm, Ce = 5 to 8 ppm, and Th <0.2 ppm. Various Pamali Breccia elemental ratios are also more characteristic of ophiolites than those of kimberlites or lamproites. Thus the Pamali Breccia is not a kimberlite or lamproite. The primary source of the diamonds in the breccia may be the host ophiolite, or, alternatively, a distant kimberlite or lamproite, the unambiguous identification of which requires further study.
A note on fluid dynamic processes which can influence the deposition of massive sulfides
Petroleum Geology of Central Beaufort Sea, Northwest Territories, Canada: ABSTRACT
The flow of hot saline solutions from vents in the sea floor; some implications for exhalative massive sulfide and other ore deposits; reply
The flow of hot saline solutions from vents in the sea floor; some implications for exhalative massive sulfide and other ore deposits
Britain's oldest agnathans
Abstract A total of 97 wells has been drilled in the Black Mesa basin of Arizona—a drilling density of one test per 350 sq mi. Exploration started in 1920 and was slow until 1955, when interest was stimulated by discoveries in the Four Corners area. In an unusually large percentage of all tests, shows of oil or gas have been found throughout the stratigraphic succession. Cretaceous to Cambrian Systems, except Silurian and Ordovician, are represented. The Pennsylvanian Hermosa Formation is productive in the Four Corners area. The Permian Coconino Sandstone yields helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Pinta dome area near Holbrook, Rocks of reef facies and traps of the stratigraphic type may have hydrocarbon potential.