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NARROW
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Hydrothermal Pentlandite (Ni , Fe) 9 S 8 from Kambalda, Western Australia: Occurrences, Formation Conditions, and Association with Orogenic Gold
Introduction to special section: Balancing, restoration, and palinspastic reconstruction
MINERALOGICAL AND ISOTOPIC RECORD OF DIAGENESIS FROM THE OPALINUS CLAY FORMATION AT BENKEN, SWITZERLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MODELING OF PORE-WATER CHEMISTRY IN A CLAY FORMATION
Thermodynamic properties of saponite, nontronite, and vermiculite derived from calorimetric measurements
Acoustic Properties of Ancient Shallow-Marine Carbonates: Effects of Depositional Environments and Diagenetic Processes (Middle Jurassic, Paris Basin, France)
As-BEARING FLUORAPATITE IN MANGANIFEROUS DEPOSITS FROM ST. MARCEL – PRABORNA, VAL D’AOSTA, ITALY
Analyse quantitative d'images de cathodoluminescence numerisees des roches de deux forages GPF (Ardeche, France)
Cathodoluminescence of quartz from sandstones; interpretation of the UV range by determination of trace element distributions and fluid-inclusion P-T-X properties in authigenic quartz
Cathodoluminescence des mineraux carbonates et sulfates (Trias ardechois, bassin du Sud-Est, France); interets stratigraphiques et tectoniques
Abstract Petroleum is a fragile fluid, a part of which is likely to be destroyed or lost to the atmosphere. The moment crude oil separates from bitumen in the source rock, it begins to undergo compositional changes that continue throughout migration and accumulation. The processes and factors influencing oil composition in an accumulation take effect before, during, and after entrapment. The primary factors influencing oil composition before entrapment are source rock characteristics, primary migration, and secondary migration. The main factors influencing oil composition during entrapment are pressure and temperature, as they establish the conditions under which secondary alteration processes take place. After entrapment, secondary alteration processes influencing oil composition are the effect of thermal maturation, physical and biological degradation, gravity segregation, dysmigration (separation-migration), and deasphalting. These alteration processes can increase the API gravity and gas-oil ratio of the oil, but generally decrease the API gravity. Knowledge of the conditions and mechanisms of degradation are needed to understand the nature and distribution of oil shows and to carry out oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations. Considerable progress has been made in understanding secondary alteration processes, but more is expected as the more poorly understood macromolecular and polar fractions are investigated. Presently, molecular chemistry is a useful tool that can recognize incipient biodegradation, detect oil gravity segregation, and discriminate a pyrobitumen from a precipitated asphaltene, whereas bulk analyses are currently inaccurate.