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NARROW
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Origin of quartz silt
Settling convection and grain-size analysis
So-called turbidite structures
TURBIDITES IN FLYSCH OF THE POLISH CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Tidal action as a cause of clay accumulation
Sea level is used as datum in geodesy and geology. Contemporary sea level is changed locally by climatic influences and universally especially by variation in glacier volume. These eustatic changes should now be ascertainable with sufficient accuracy by averaging world mareographs. At present a rise is going on. This should be allowed for in the interpretation of data from each individual station. There then remain climatic influences, to be evaluated meteorologically; local settling and crustal movements, to be distinguished by precise levelling. Sea level as datum for the geological past is involved in many problems. Nick just below sea level in the hypsographic curve: this is evidently due to the action of external processes. Cyclothems: it is not yet known whether these are of eustatic nature. Guyots: the flat tops are probably sinking 20 meters per million years. Glacial low levels: roughly 100 meters minus. The river bed on the Sunda shelf has not been warped since the peak of the last ice age. Raised beaches: reef terraces prove the recent rise of island arcs facing deep-sea trenches and the intermittent nature of the movement, each jump adding about 1 milligal or less to the local value of gravity. There is a deplorable lack of data on tilting, warping, and dating of these terraces, which could teach so much of crustal movements. Daly terraces: slightly raised young terraces are of common occurrence, and Daly ascribed them to eustatism. The amount and dating of the supposed movement is still debated. In some areas, however, there is a singular absence of evidence on a recent sinking of sea level. Isostatic recoil. The post-Glacial updoming of the Canadian and Fennoscandian shields is recorded in countless raised beaches. Field work appears to point toward the establishment of hinge lines, with updoming on the inside and permanent stability on the outside. The hinge line migrated from south to north in several jumps. Inter-Glacial terraces have been widely studied outside glaciated areas, but not all can agree to their eustatic nature. The origin of the older terraces that lie far above sea level for an ice-free world is a vexing problem.
Abstract The sediments of the East Indian Archipelago, owing to the complicated topography of the land and sea bottom, vary greatly in character in different areas. In the shallow Java Sea they are relatively fine-grained and rich in volcanic debris on the south side near Java, and relatively coarse-grained and rich in quartz on the north side near Borneo. The sediments of deep water are similar to sediments in deep water in other parts of the ocean, though in general they contain less calcium carbonate, owing in part to the relatively large amount of terrigenous debris they contain. The calcium carbonate content of the sediments decreases with depth of water from an average of about 50 per cent for sediments in water less than 500 meters deep to less than 5 per cent for water more than 5000 meters deep. In areas in which the sea floor slopes more than 50, the calcium carbonate content is greater at depths of 2500 to 3500 meters than at depths of 1500 to 2500 meters, perhaps owing to slumping of the sediments. The sediments of Kaoe Bay contain hydrogen sulphide and iron sulphide. They also are rich in organic matter and black in color. Evidently, like in the Black sea and some of the Norwegian fiords, a condition of stagnation prevails in this bay, which is 500 meters deep and whose connection with the sea is only so meters deep.
ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUBMARINE CANYONS
Significant Features of Graded Bedding
Abstract The results of experimental investigations on turbidity currents of high density are described. Hydrodynamical properties are deduced which permit tentative extrapolation to the larger dimensions which may be expected in nature. The results are applied to the problem of submarine canyons. The reasons, given in an earlier paper, why the deposits tend to be graded are confirmed and the possibility of erosion is discussed. Settling velocities of said grains in clay and clay-sand suspensions are given and the influence of salinity is investigated. Viscosity measurements of clay suspensions are recorded. An attempt is made to find properties by which the deposits of ancient turbidity currents can be distinguished from those of normal processes of sedimentation. Filially, the problem is reviewed as to whether slumping or turbidity currents have played the major role in forming submarine canyons.
Sedimentary History of the Ventura Basin, California, and the Action of Turbidity Currents
Abstract Foraminiferal evidence shows that the water depth of the Ventura Basin was several thousands of feet.during most of its upper Tertiary sedimentary history. The coarse sandstones between the shales were deposited by turbidity currents of high density, and the conglomerates were emplaced by highly mobile submarine slides.
An estimate of the age of the earth
Abstract The sediments of the East Indian Archipelago, owing to the complicated topography of the land and sea bottom, vary greatly in character in different areas. In the shallow Java Sea they are relatively fine-grained and rich in volcanic debris on the south side near Java, and relatively coarse-grained and rich in quartz on the north side near Borneo. The sediments of deep water are similar to sediments in deep water in other parts of the ocean, though in general they contain less calcium carbonate, owing in part to the relatively large amount of terrigenous debris they contain. The calcium carbonate content of the sediments decreases with depth of water from an average of about 50 per cent for sediments in water less than 500 meters deep to less than 5 per cent for water more than 5000 meters deep. In areas in which the sea floor slopes more than 5°, the calcium carbonate content is greater at depths of 2500 to 3500 meters than at depths of 1500 to 2500 meters, perhaps owing to slumping of the sediments. The sediments of Kaoe Bay contain hydrogen sulphide and iron sulphide. They also are rich in organic matter and black in color. Evidently, like in the Black sea and some of the Norwegian fiords, a condition of stagnation prevails in this bay, which is 500 meters deep and whose connection with the sea is only 50 meters deep.