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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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North America
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Michigan Basin (3)
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United States
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Michigan
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Michigan Lower Peninsula
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Eaton County Michigan (1)
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Grand Traverse County Michigan (1)
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Michigan Upper Peninsula
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Schoolcraft County Michigan (1)
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commodities
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water resources (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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isotope ratios (2)
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isotopes
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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metals
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alkaline earth metals
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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hafnium (1)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata (1)
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microfossils
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Conodonta (1)
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geochronology methods
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U/Pb (1)
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geologic age
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Mississippian (1)
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Pennsylvanian (1)
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Ordovician (1)
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (2)
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minerals
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carbonates (1)
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halides
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chlorides
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halite (1)
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sylvite (1)
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silicates
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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zircon group
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zircon (1)
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sulfates
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anhydrite (1)
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gypsum (1)
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Primary terms
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absolute age (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata (1)
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crust (1)
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data processing (1)
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ground water (1)
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isotopes
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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-
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metals
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alkaline earth metals
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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hafnium (1)
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North America
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Michigan Basin (3)
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Mississippian (1)
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Pennsylvanian (1)
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Ordovician (1)
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (2)
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sedimentary rocks
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chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (1)
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sedimentary structures
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (1)
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sedimentation (1)
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United States
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Michigan
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Michigan Lower Peninsula
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Eaton County Michigan (1)
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Grand Traverse County Michigan (1)
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Michigan Upper Peninsula
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Schoolcraft County Michigan (1)
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water resources (1)
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rock formations
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Lucas Formation (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rocks
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chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (1)
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siliciclastics (1)
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sedimentary structures
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sedimentary structures
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (1)
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sediments
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siliciclastics (1)
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Cross-basin chronostratigraphic correlation of carbonate succession (Llandovery, Michigan Basin, USA) using global carbon δ 13 C carb isotope excursions
A composite Llandovery δ 13 C carb record from the Michigan Basin, USA
Evaporite facies of the Michigan Basin
ABSTRACT The Michigan Basin is one of the world’s important sedimentary basins that contains significant quantities of evaporites. Here, evaporites are found in deposits of Ordovician through Mississippian age rocks; however, most of the thick evaporite accumulations occur in Silurian and Devonian intervals. Halite is most significant in the Silurian Salina Group, with a maximum aggregate thickness of halite exceeding 650 m (2150 ft). During the earliest evaporite deposition in the Salina Group (A-1 Evaporite), sylvite was widely deposited in the north-central portion of the basin within the upper 91.4 m (300 ft) of the formation. Devonian salt is also present in the north-central portion of the basin in the Horner Member of the Lucas Formation, where maximum aggregate net thickness of halite reaches 125 m (410 ft). Recrystallization of much of the halite obscures the primary depositional crystal geometry; however, some well-preserved beds do show crystal growth that is interpreted as bottom-growth chevrons, which likely suggest shallow-water deposition. Throughout the rest of the Michigan Basin, in both space and time, the evaporite phase deposited is CaSO 4 . In the shallowest portions of the Mississippian Michigan Formation, the sulfate mineral phase is gypsum; everywhere else in the basin, all the evaporitic sulfate deposits are anhydrite. Although the dehydration of the gypsum to anhydrite has slightly altered the original depositional morphology, some primary growth geometry is still evident. Subtidal and sabkha morphologies can be documented in all the anhydrite/gypsum deposits of the Michigan Basin. Based on historic production, evaporite minerals have added an estimated $15.5 billion (in 2013 dollars) to the industrial mineral economy of Michigan since the first commercial development in the 1860s.
ABSTRACT This field trip is an excursion to exposures of Pennsylvanian bedrock at Grand Ledge, Michigan, as a backdrop for interdisciplinary examination of the sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and hydrologic research conducted on these important bedrock aquifer units. The areal extent of Pennsylvanian rocks in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan is ~28,490 km 2 . Pleistocene glacial deposits overlie these units throughout the state, but the drift is thin and locally absent along the Grand River Valley, in and around Grand Ledge, Michigan. The geology of the Pennsylvanian deposits is known almost entirely from subsurface research, although sparse outcrops occur near Parma and Jackson in Jackson County and at Grand Ledge in Eaton County. These outcrops, especially the ones at Grand Ledge, constitute the only exposures of coal-bearing strata in Michigan where visitors can see massive sandstone, shale, coal, and associated strata, and fine-grained, chaotic, riverbank-slump facies. The sections of the field trip will attempt to relate Grand Ledge area deposits to the Pennsylvanian section at the state and regional scale. First, general geologic and stratigraphic relations will be described on the basis of knowledge from the nearby cities of Lansing and Mason, where diamond drill cores and geophysical logs from extensively studied groundwater contamination sites are available. Lithologic and geophysical logs from these sites will be reviewed under the pavilion. Next, lithologic type sections of the Pennsylvanian material in outcrop will be observed and discussed. An example of core from a nearby industrial site will be studied under the pavilion during lunch, and a final trip to outcrop will be made to discuss stratigraphic relationships in an effort to bring into perspective the complexities of Pennsylvanian strata in the Michigan Basin.