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How distinctive are flood-triggered turbidity currents?
A multi-disciplinary investigation of the AFEN Slide: the relationship between contourites and submarine landslides
Abstract Contourite drifts are sediment deposits formed by ocean bottom currents on continental slopes worldwide. Although it has become increasingly apparent that contourites are often prone to slope failure, the physical controls on slope instability remain unclear. This study presents high-resolution sedimentological, geochemical and geotechnical analyses of sediments to better understand the physical controls on slope failure that occurred within a sheeted contourite drift within the Faroe–Shetland Channel. We aim to identify and characterize the failure plane of the late Quaternary landslide (the AFEN Slide), and explain its location within the sheeted drift stratigraphy. The analyses reveal abrupt lithological contrasts characterized by distinct changes in physical, geochemical and geotechnical properties. Our findings indicate that the AFEN Slide likely initiated along a distinct lithological interface, between overlying sandy contouritic sediments and softer underlying mud-rich sediments. These lithological contrasts are interpreted to relate to climatically controlled variations in sediment input and bottom current intensity. Similar lithological contrasts are likely to be common within contourite drifts at many other oceanic gateways worldwide; hence our findings are likely to apply more widely. As we demonstrate here, recognition of such contrasts requires multi-disciplinary data over the depth range of stratigraphy that is potentially prone to slope failure.
Lessons learned from the monitoring of turbidity currents and guidance for future platform designs
Abstract Turbidity currents transport globally significant volumes of sediment and organic carbon into the deep-sea and pose a hazard to critical infrastructure. Despite advances in technology, their powerful nature often damages expensive instruments placed in their path. These challenges mean that turbidity currents have only been measured in a few locations worldwide, in relatively shallow water depths (<<2 km). Here, we share lessons from recent field deployments about how to design the platforms on which instruments are deployed. First, we show how monitoring platforms have been affected by turbidity currents including instability, displacement, tumbling and damage. Second, we relate these issues to specifics of the platform design, such as exposure of large surface area instruments within a flow and inadequate anchoring or seafloor support. Third, we provide recommended modifications to improve design by simplifying mooring configurations, minimizing surface area and enhancing seafloor stability. Finally, we highlight novel multi-point moorings that avoid interaction between the instruments and the flow, and flow-resilient seafloor platforms with innovative engineering design features, such as feet and ballast that can be ejected. Our experience will provide guidance for future deployments, so that more detailed insights can be provided into turbidity current behaviour, in a wider range of settings.
How to recognize crescentic bedforms formed by supercritical turbidity currents in the geologic record: Insights from active submarine channels
Eustatic sea-level controls on the flushing of a shelf-incising submarine canyon
A new model for turbidity current behavior based on integration of flow monitoring and precision coring in a submarine canyon
Key Future Directions For Research On Turbidity Currents and Their Deposits
Quantitative Analysis of Submarine-Flow Deposit Shape In the Marnoso-Arenacea Formation: What Is the Signature of Hindered Settling From Dense Near-Bed Layers?
Can turbidites be used to reconstruct a paleoearthquake record for the central Sumatran margin?: REPLY
Sea-level–induced seismicity and submarine landslide occurrence: COMMENT
Distal turbidites reveal a common distribution for large (>0.1 km 3 ) submarine landslide recurrence
Can turbidites be used to reconstruct a paleoearthquake record for the central Sumatran margin?
Hybrid submarine flows comprising turbidity current and cohesive debris flow: Deposits, theoretical and experimental analyses, and generalized models
The Influence of Subtle Gradient Changes on Deep-Water Gravity Flows: A Case Study from the Moroccan Turbidite System
Abstract The Moroccan Turbidite System is unique in that individual gravity-flow deposits can be correlated across distances of several hundred kilometers, both within and between depositional basins. An extensive dataset of shallow sediment cores is analyzed here, in order to investigate the influence of gradient changes on individual siliciclastic gravity flows passing through this system in the last 160,000 years. The largest flows (deposit volumes > 100 km 3 ) are capable of travelling for more than 1000 km across slopes of less than 0.1°. The deposits of these flows display significant lateral heterogeneity as a consequence of changes in seafloor gradient. Increases in gradient can lead to sediment bypass and/or erosion, and unconfined flows may become channelized. Decreases in gradient can lead to significant changes in sand–mud ratio and the deposition of thick mud caps, while small-volume flow deposits may pinch out completely. One of the largest flows shows evidence for multiple transformations as it crossed the Agadir Basin, with the resulting deposits switching laterally from (1) a gravel lag and cut-and-fill scours (representing bypass and erosion across a slope of 0.05°), to (2) a thick linked turbidite–debrite bed containing a muddy sand debrite (in response to a decrease in slope to < 0.01°), to (3) a normally graded turbidite (following a subtle increase in slope to 0.02°). Although the changes in slope angle described here appear remarkably subtle, the relative changes in slope are significant, and clearly exert a major control on flow behavior. Such variations in slope would not be detectable in outcrop or subsurface sequences, yet will generate significant complexity in deep-water reservoirs.
How Did Thin Submarine Debris Flows Carry Boulder-Sized Intraclasts for Remarkable Distances Across Low Gradients to the Far Reaches of the Mississippi Fan?
Deposits of flows transitional between turbidity current and debris flow
Deposit Structure and Processes of Sand Deposition from Decelerating Sediment Suspensions
Evolution of Turbidity Currents Deduced from Extensive Thin Turbidites: Marnoso Arenacea Formation (Miocene), Italian Apennines
How and where do incised valleys form if sea level remains above the shelf edge?
Abstract Magnetostratigraphic dating of sedimentary strata is often the most precise technique available for temporally constraining the evolution of and controls upon sedimentary basins over I Ma in age. Uncertainties in the absolute dates derived by this technique are often difficult to assess quantitatively, despite the desirability of specifying their precision. An explicit discrimination should be made between correlations of the local magneto-polarity stratigraphy (MPS) to the global geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) based on independent biostratigraphic or radiometric time control and those based on the smoothest derived sediment-accumulation rates. Situations in which there is a single, compelling correlation and those in which the correlation is the most reasonable of several possibilities should also be explicitly distinguished. In the latter case, alternative feasible correlations should be illustrated in order to permit a qualitative assessment of the uncertainties involved. Two classes of uncertainties are associated with the temporal calibration of magnetostratigraphic sections: those related to the creation of the local MPS and those related to the GPTS. Imprecision in measured stratal thicknesses and in the position of magnetozone boundaries can produce significant (up to 50 percent) uncertainties both in magnetozone patterns and in derived rates of sediment accumulation. Uncertainties in the GPTS result from uncertainties in the radiometric calibration of magnetic anomaly patterns. Comparison of available GPTS’s indicates uncertainties of (1) as much as 100 percent for sediment accumulation rate calculations involving intervals of less than 1–2 my and (2) up to 3 my in absolute ages. An example drawn from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Axhandle thrust-top Basin of central Utah illustrates these uncertainties.