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Super-reduced mineral assemblages in “ophiolitic” chromitites and peridotites: the view from Mount Carmel
ABSTRACT Detailed petrography, microstructure, and geochemistry of garnet pyroxenite xenoliths in Holocene basanite tuffs from maars at Lakes Bullenmerri and Gnotuk (western Victoria, southeastern Australia) have been used to track their igneous and metamorphic history, enabling the reconstruction of the thermal-tectonic evolution of the lithospheric mantle. The exsolution of orthopyroxene and garnet and rare spinel, plagioclase, and ilmenite from complex clinopyroxene megacrysts suggests that the xenoliths originally were clinopyroxene-dominant cumulates associated with minor garnet, orthopyroxene, or spinel. The compositions of exsolved phases and their host clinopyroxene were reintegrated using measured modal proportions to show that the primary clinopyroxene was enriched in Al 2 O 3 (5.53–13.63 wt%) and crystallized at ~1300–1500 °C and 16–30 kbar. These cumulates then underwent extensive exsolution, recrystallization, and reaction during cooling, and finally equilibrated at ~950–1100 °C and 12–18 kbar before entrainment in the basanites. Rare earth element (REE) thermobarometry of garnets and coexisting clinopyroxenes preserves evidence of an intermediate stage (1032 °C and 21 kbar). These results imply that the protoliths of the garnet pyroxenite formed at a range of depths from ~50 to 100 km, and then during or shortly after cooling, they were tectonically emplaced to higher levels (~40–60 km; i.e., uplifted by at least 10–20 km) along the prevailing geotherm. This uplift may have been connected with lithosphere-scale faulting during the Paleozoic orogeny, or during Mesozoic–Cenozoic rifting of eastern Australia.
Ultrapotassic rocks and xenoliths from South Tibet: Contrasting styles of interaction between lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere during continental collision
Compositional effects on the solubility of minor and trace elements in oxide spinel minerals: Insights from crystal-crystal partition coefficients in chromite exsolution
Tibetan chromitites: Excavating the slab graveyard
Magma mixing was an important process in the genesis of plutonic suites of the Peninsular Ranges batholith, San Diego County transect. Contrary to expectations, minimum Hf arc mantle model ages (Hf TAM ) calculated from Lu-Hf spot analyses of zircon from 15 granite samples and one gabbro sample indicate a Neoproterozoic component in granites from the western zone of the batholith and even older crustal components, including a Paleoproterozoic component, in those from the eastern zone. The delineation between western and eastern zones in the San Diego County transect of the batholith corresponds closely with a rapidly formed suture zone marked by the western limit of Jurassic S- and transitional I-S-type granites, magnetic and gravity anomalies, and the δ 1 8 O gradient. Zircon U-Pb ages, many reported herein for the first time, indicate that Early Cretaceous I-type plutons were emplaced into the western zone of the batholith and stitched across both the suture zone and the central belt of deformed Jurassic S-type and I-S-type granites. I-type plutons that intruded east of the suture zone are mainly Late Cretaceous in age. Zircon U-Pb ages, measured as much as possible from the same grains used for 176 Hf/ 177 Hf analyses, not only provide a record of crystallization ages but also of the degree of zircon inheritance—of which there is little for Cretaceous western-zone I-type granites. The variation in 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (εHf (t) ) values for the population of zircon grains from each plutonic sample is therefore interpreted to reflect the degree of magma mixing between crustal- and mantle-derived components between the time of melt generation and final pluton construction, a process that can only be reconciled with open-system chemical behavior. We consider the process of formation of the short-lived suture zone and the S-type granites of the Peninsular Ranges to be examples analogous to the short lived Bundarra Supersuite of the New England batholith (Jeon et al., 2012). The new Hf data of this study are compared to published Nd-Sm model age data for the Peninsular Ranges batholith and to new zircon Hf data for the Tuolumne intrusive suite of the Sierra Nevada batholith.