Abstract Indiana Limestone is one of the most used and versatile building stones in the USA. It is a uniform, carbonate grainstone formed during the Mississippian Subperiod of the Carbonifereous. The stone has excellent physical properties, good workability, fire resistance, durability, sustainability, reserves sufficient for hundreds of years, remarkable history, and is available in pleasing colours and textures. Indiana Limestone is used extensively for important buildings, homes, or carved as accents and sculptures, as well as other uses. At one time it was estimated that 60–80% of important US stone buildings were built with Indiana Limestone. This stone has been used for significant, even iconic buildings such as the Empire State Building and the Yankee Stadium, the Pentagon and many other government buildings, even religious structures such as the National Cathedral in Washington, DC, notable houses such as the Biltmore House in North Carolina, many Chicago landmarks, plus libraries, research centres, academic buildings and museums, across the USA. Sculptures throughout the USA and other countries are made of Indiana Limestone. The stone has good sustainability and is incorporated into the very culture of the state of Indiana and America. Indiana Limestone merits designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.

Abstract Wyandotte Cave (Figs. 1,2) is a large limestone cave system in southern Indiana. From archaeological investigations in the cave, we know that several of the aragonite formations were quarried by prehistoric people. We also know, based on examination of curated collections, that some artifacts recovered from prehistoric archaeological sites in eastern North America are made from materials similar to the Wyandotte Cave aragonite. In this chapter the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of speleothem aragonite from Wyandotte Cave and other locales are described. Some of the characteristics of Wyandotte aragonite are distinctive, and therefore can serve as "fingerprints." When these are found in artifacts they are evidence that the source of the raw material was Wyandotte Cave, Indiana.