Abstract Geological histories of volcanic ocean islands can be revealed by the sediments shed by them. Hence there is an interest in studying cores of volcaniclastic sediments that are particularly preserved in the many flat-floored basins lying close to the Azores islands. We analyse four gravity cores collected around the central group of the islands. Three sedimentary facies (F1-F2a, F2b) are recognized based on visual core logging, particle morphometric and geochemical analyses. F1 is clay-rich hemipelagite comprising homogeneous mud with mottled structures from bioturbation. F2a and F2b are both clay-poor volcaniclastic deposits, which are carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor, respectively. More biogenic carbonate in F2a reflects the incorporation of unconsolidated calcareous material from island shelves or bioturbation. Within F2a and F2b we identify deposits emplaced by pyroclastic fallout, primary or secondary turbidity currents by combining multiple information from lithological composition, sedimentary structures, chemical composition of volcanic glass shards and morphometric characteristics of volcanic particles. Primary volcaniclastic sediments were found in all four cores, echoing activity known to have occurred up to historical times on the adjacent islands. These preliminary results suggest that greater details of geological events could be inferred for other volcanic islands by adopting a similar approach to core analysis.

Abstract In analytical models of salt diapirism, the initial salt-layer thickness and the post-deformation spacing of salt structures are key parameters. Here, 3D seismic data from The Netherlands offshore has enabled these parameters to be measured over large areas which can then be compared with model predictions. Estimates of the original salt-layer thickness were obtained by spatially filtering present thickness, using filters with varied spatial scales that remove local effects. Loss of evaporite minerals by dissolution or erosion during exposure, cannot be ruled out and, as such, thicknesses are minima. Spacing estimates were derived in two dimensions by locating the minimum separation of lines representing ridgelines of diapirs/walls. Because the length scale of spatial filtering was chosen based on the dependent variable, diapir spacing, the results are non-unique. Nevertheless, choosing an apparently optimal filter length of 50 km, a ratio between diapir spacing and original thickness from 12 to 20 is defined. This ratio is greater than has been reported for the pillow province of the UK North Sea Quadrant 44, which is as expected if pillows evolve into diapirs with progressive halokinetic deformation. This work is key to understanding the evolution of salt displacement, a necessity for unlocking remaining hydrocarbon resources.

Abstract Far less is known of the processes involved in erosion of submarine channels compared with channels eroded subaerially by water runoff, but geometrical properties derived for canyons of the USA Atlantic continental slope reveal some intriguing similarities. Slope-confined canyons are concave-upwards, displaying decreasing channel gradient with increasing contributing area, as observed in many bedrock-eroding rivers. Tributaries join principal channels at the same elevation (without intervening waterfalls), in effect obeying Playfair's law, as do many river networks. Gradient and contributing area data for channels at confluences also reveal a tendency for tributaries to have steeper gradients than their associated principal channels, reflecting their smaller drainage areas. The concavities of bedrock-eroding rivers are often explained by a balance between river discharge, which increases with increasing rainfall catchment area, and gradient, which declines to offset the erosive effect of the discharge. It is unclear, however, if such a balance can be invoked for submarine canyons because erosion is probably caused when sedimentary flows are active only in individual canyon branches, originating from isolated slope failures. Instead, the frequency of sedimentary flows experienced by canyon floors may increase downstream simply because the area of unstable canyon walls available to source sedimentary flows increases, and this effect becomes compensated by declining gradient. Knickpoints created by faults in tectonically active slopes provide a further way to infer the form of erosion by sedimentary flows. Such knickpoints typically lie upstream of the faults that probably generate them, implying that detachment-limited erosion is enhanced where sedimentary flows become more vigorous on steep gradients, leading to knickpoint migration.

Abstract Banner tidal sandbanks in the Bristol Channel have been repeatedly surveyed with a multibeam sonar to study the geometry and migration patterns of superimposed dunes. The data presented in this paper constitute one of the first studies concerned with sediment transport around a banner sandbank (Helwick Sands in the Bristol Channel) using repeated swath-bathymetry. The data reveal that the dunes maintain their shapes over a period of 11 months, and that they migrate in opposite directions on the alternate sides of the bank. Curiously, dunes connect over the crest of the bank despite opposing sediment transport directions on the flanks. Dune height increases with water depth as found in similar environments. We suggest how the morphology of the dunes results from the complex interaction between surface waves and tidal currents that occurs within the proximity of the headland.

Abstract Sonar images of the Atlantic USA continental slope reveal an eroded landscape that appears remarkably similar to subaerial landscapes eroded by surface runoff. Analysis of multibeam data reveals that they are also similar in a number of quantitative aspects, such as similar scaling between channel gradient and contributing area, they show Hack's law scaling of channel length and contributing area, and tributary channels join trunk channels at the same elevation without an intervening waterfall. In modern geomorphology, the physics of river bed erosion and rules for runoff hydrology are used to model how erosion rate varies spatially and temporally, in order to predict large-scale landscape characteristics. This paper describes attempts to adapt such an approach to submarine canyon systems eroded by sedimentary flows. The mathematical form of the erosion is studied using the vertical relief of the canyons for the net erosion depth and is compared with results deduced from long-profile concavity. The rough correspondence between the two approaches lends support to the model. It is shown how the model can be used to help interpretation of canyon morphology by relating the pattern of erosion to the pattern of hemipelagic sediment supplied to the slope and other properties.