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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Far East
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Taiwan (2)
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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Bangladesh (2)
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Bengal (2)
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Central America
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Costa Rica
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Nicoya Peninsula (1)
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Mexico (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Middle America Trench (1)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Middle America Trench (1)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (1)
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Bolivia (1)
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Colombia (1)
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Orinoco River (1)
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Orinoco River basin (1)
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Peru (1)
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Venezuela (1)
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United States
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fossils
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Protista
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microfossils (1)
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palynomorphs
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Surma Group (1)
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Paleogene
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Barail Group (1)
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upper Eocene (1)
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Mesozoic
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Jurassic
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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metasedimentary rocks
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metaconglomerate (1)
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metasandstone (1)
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Primary terms
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Asia
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Far East
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Taiwan (2)
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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Bangladesh (2)
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Bengal (2)
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bibliography (1)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene (2)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Surma Group (1)
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Pliocene (2)
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Paleogene
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Barail Group (1)
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Eocene
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upper Eocene (1)
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Oligocene (1)
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Central America
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Costa Rica
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Nicoya Peninsula (1)
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clay mineralogy (1)
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
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Leg 66 (1)
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diagenesis (1)
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geomorphology (2)
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Invertebrata
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Brachiopoda (1)
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Mollusca (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Upper Cretaceous (1)
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Jurassic
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Upper Jurassic (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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metasedimentary rocks
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metaconglomerate (1)
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metasandstone (1)
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Mexico (1)
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orogeny (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Middle America Trench (1)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Middle America Trench (1)
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paleogeography (1)
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palynomorphs
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Dinoflagellata (1)
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plate tectonics (2)
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sedimentary petrology (3)
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sedimentary rocks
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clastic rocks
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mudstone (1)
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sandstone (2)
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sedimentation (6)
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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sand (3)
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marine sediments (1)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (1)
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Bolivia (1)
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Colombia (1)
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Orinoco River (1)
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Orinoco River basin (1)
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Peru (1)
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Venezuela (1)
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structural geology (1)
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tectonics
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neotectonics (2)
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tectonophysics (1)
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United States
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Alaska (1)
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weathering (2)
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sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rocks
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clastic rocks
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mudstone (1)
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sandstone (2)
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volcaniclastics (2)
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sediments
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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sand (3)
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marine sediments (1)
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volcaniclastics (2)
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Unroofing history of the eastern Himalaya and the Indo-Burman ranges; heavy-mineral study of Cenozoic sediments from the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh
Cenozoic history of the Himalayan-Bengal system: Sand composition in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh
Detrital record of the Gravina arc, southeastern Alaska: Petrology and provenance of Seymour Canal Formation sandstones
Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia
Detrital record of the early Central American magmatic arc: Petrography of intraoceanic forearc sandstones, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica
Petrology of fluvial sands from the Amazonian foreland basin, Peru and Bolivia: Discussion and reply
Rapid Quaternary emergence, uplift, and denudation of the Coastal Range, eastern Taiwan
Clay mineralogy of Pliocene-Pleistocene mudstones, eastern Taiwan: Combined effects of burial diagenesis and provenance unroofing
Sediment-dominated forearcs of the northern Barbados Ridge, southern Mexico, and landward of the Nankai Trough show evidence of accretion of deep-sea and trench sediments in the style of fold-and-thrust belts; sediments are imbricately offscraped at the base of the trench slope and underplated at greater depths, perhaps locally via duplex accretion. Diminishing seismic coherence of accreted deposits during uplift suggests continuing structural evolution and dewatering, with the final result resembling the stratally disrupted accretionary complexes exposed on land. Fold-and-thrust style deformation is therefore a transient structural state in many accretionary wedges. Sediment starved forearcs off Guatemala and the Marianas are underlain by igneous basement of either oceanic or volcanic-arc origin. Most of the oceanic sediment of the subducting plate is thrust beneath the base of the trench slope with little if any accretion. Underthrust sediment may be underplated or subducted. The seaward margin of the Mariana forearc has been tectonically truncated; Guatemala may have been either tectonically truncated or the site of prolonged subduction without accretion. Forearc evolution off northern Japan involves superposition of differing tectonic regimes with tectonic erosion followed by accretion.
Macroscopic structural features in Deep Sea Drilling Project cores from forearc regions
DSDP cores from active margins show a range of structural features, including bedding dips, semi-penetrative secondary fabrics, and faults. We have collected data on the distribution and orientation of structural features in all DSDP cores recovered to date in forearcs, and have carried out topical studies on selected fabrics. Graphic structural logs, compiled from a consistently acquired data set, show the distribution of structural features margin by margin, and allow comparisons to be drawn between margins. Most sediments cored in forearcs are in situ slope deposits, and bedding dips constitute a fundamental strain indicator. Histograms of bedding dips in slope deposits document a distinction between 1) actively deforming forearc regions underlain by Neogene and Quaternary accretionary wedges, and 2) less-deformed sedimentary sequences that overlie rigid basement terranes. Structural fabrics in active-margin cores include stratal disruption and cataclastic fabrics, scaly foliation, spaced foliation, vein structure, kink bands, crenulation folds, web structure, and fissility. The distribution of structural fabrics in active-margin cores serves to distinguish between different structural regimes in forearc regions. Cores from upper-slope sites tend to be dominated by structures indicative of layer-parallel extension, which may have formed during postulated bedding-parallel shear in gravity-induced downslope movement of upper sediment layers. Cores from lower-slope sites tend to be dominated by compressional structures, presumably due to overall horizontal shortening resulting from plate convergence.
Scaly fabrics are present in DSDP cores from the Barbados, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Mariana forearcs. Where independently documented, the scaly fabrics occur adjacent to faults. Scaly foliation surfaces in mudstone are planes of slip comparable to surfaces experimentally produced in shear boxes at low confining pressures. Microscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of scaly folia in sediments indicate strong preferred orientation of phyllosilicates both parallel to and at low angles to the slip surfaces. The clays within the slip surfaces are not new mineral phases but are produced by the reorientation of existing minerals and perhaps the disruption of clay aggregates. SEM studies and physical property data indicate loss of porosity during the development of scaly fabrics in sediments. At DSDP sites, scaly mudstone formed at temperatures of less than 25 °C, pressures less than 4 MPa, and strain rates of about 10 −13 ; scaly fabrics develop typically in underconsolidated sediment. Scaly fabrics preferentially occur in weak smectitic mudstones as opposed to stronger calcareous or silty mudstones. In sediments, scaly fabrics apparently develop by the lateral propagation of faults in which individual slip surfaces are formed and abandoned after a limited amount of displacement. Slip may cease on scaly folia because of increasing coefficient of friction, because of decrease in pore pressure, or because of reorientation of the slip surface relative to the stress field. The propagation of scaly fabric occurs because the surrounding undeformed sediment matrix is weaker and/or has more favorably oriented potential failure surfaces. Conversely, in hard rocks fault zones would be less likely to propagate laterally and develop broad scaly fabric zones because they would not exceed the strength of the country rock.