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Reply to the discussion by Hadlari on “age and significance of the fire bay assemblage: an Ordovician arc fragment within the Clements Markham belt, northwestern Ellesmere Island, Canada”
Age and significance of the Fire Bay assemblage: an Ordovician arc fragment within the Clements Markham belt, northwestern Ellesmere Island, Canada
Late Ordovician mass extinction caused by volcanism, warming, and anoxia, not cooling and glaciation: COMMENT
The Road River Group of northern Yukon, Canada: early Paleozoic deep-water sedimentation within the Great American Carbonate Bank
Integrated δ 13 C carb , conodont, and graptolite biochemostratigraphy of the Silurian from the Illinois Basin and stratigraphic revision of the Bainbridge Group
The impact of geographic range, sampling, ecology, and time on extinction risk in the volatile clade Graptoloida
Retiolitine graptolites from the Aeronian and lower Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of Arctic Canada
Environmental changes in the Late Ordovician–early Silurian: Review and new insights from black shales and nitrogen isotopes
Graptolite palaeobiogeography
Abstract Graptolite faunas exhibited strong biogeographical differentiation during the Early Palaeozoic, particularly in the Ordovician. Skevington recognized two major faunal provinces, the high to mid palaeolatitude ‘Atlantic Province’ and the low-palaeolatitude ‘Pacific Province’. Subsequent workers have generally accepted this pattern of graptolite distribution, but the controls on this pattern have been the subject of considerable debate. Two competing models have emerged: a surface water temperature model and a depth stratification model. It is likely that the some of the physical and chemical oceanic factors that vary with latitude may also vary in a similar way along an onshore to offshore transect. Hence, it may be that both depth and surface temperature play an important role in biogeographical differentiation. Biogeography also played a critical role in the evolutionary history of graptoloids. Important examples include the origination of axonophorans in deep, offshore environments from isograptid and pseudisograptid ancestors and their subsequent migration into shallow water regions; the replacement of the Diplograptina by Neograptina in the low palaeolatitudes during the Late Ordovician extinction event; and the origination of expansograptids in the ‘Atlantic’ Province as shallow water endemics followed by their worldwide dispersal into the oceanic biofacies.