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Constraining the exhumation history of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Kali Gandaki, Central Nepal
Dendritic reidite from the Chesapeake Bay impact horizon, Ocean Drilling Program Site 1073 (offshore northeastern USA): A fingerprint of distal ejecta?
Interpreting and reporting 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronologic data
Structural relationship between the Karakoram and Longmu Co fault systems, southwestern Tibetan Plateau, revealed by ASTER remote sensing
Geological significance of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mica dates across a mid-crustal continental plate margin, Connemara (Grampian orogeny, Irish Caledonides), and implications for the evolution of lithospheric collisions
Evidence for Pleistocene Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Region, Nepal
Evidence of pre-Oligocene emergence of the Indian passive margin and the timing of collision initiation between India and Eurasia
Robotic recon for human exploration: Method, assessment, and lessons learned
Robotic rovers can be used as advance scouts to significantly improve scientific and technical return of planetary surface exploration. Robotic scouting, or “robotic recon,” involves using a robot to collect ground-level data prior to human field activity. The data collected and knowledge acquired through recon can be used to refine traverse planning, reduce operational risk, and increase crew productivity. To understand how robotic recon can benefit human exploration, we conducted a series of simulated planetary robotic missions at analog sites. These mission simulations were designed to: (1) identify and quantify operational requirements for robotic recon in advance of human activity; (2) identify and quantify ground control and science team requirements for robotic recon; and (3) identify capability, procedure, and training requirements for human explorers to draw maximum benefit from robotic recon during vehicular traverses and on-foot extravehicular activities (EVA). Our studies indicate that robotic recon can be beneficial to crew, improving preparation, situational awareness, and productivity in the field. This is particularly true when traverse plans contain significant unknowns that can be resolved by recon, such as target access and station/activity priority. In this paper, we first present the assumptions and major questions related to robotic reconnaissance. We detail our system design, including the configuration of our recon robot, the ground data system used for operation, ground control organization, and operational time lines. Finally, we describe the design and results from an experiment to assess robotic recon, discuss lessons learned, and identify directions for future work.
Uplift of the western margin of the Andean plateau revealed from canyon incision history, southern Peru
Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front?
Neotectonics of the Thakkhola graben and implications for recent activity on the South Tibetan fault system in the central Nepal Himalaya
Geochronological constraints on the magmatic, metamorphic and thermal evolution of the Connemara Caledonides, western Ireland
Short-lived continental magmatic arc at Connemara, western Irish Caledonides: Implications for the age of the Grampian orogeny
Mesozoic and Cenozoic extension recorded by metamorphic rocks in the Funeral Mountains, California
40 Ar/ 39 Ar age gradients in micas from a high-temperature-low-pressure metamorphic terrain: Evidence for very slow cooling and implications for the interpretation of age spectra
Six transects mapped across the boundary between the Tibetan sedimentary sequence and the underlying Greater Himalayan metamorphic sequence in southern Tibet demonstrate that a series of gently north-dipping normal faults, the South Tibetan detachment system, separates these two rocks sequences. Down-to-the-north movement on the detachments was Miocene to perhaps Pliocene in age and contemporaneous with structurally lower south-vergent thrusting within the Himalayan orogen to the south; thus, shortening and extension were contemporaneous and parallel at two different levels within the Himalayan and south Tibetan crust. Mapping during this study indicates that the South Tibetan detachment system continues for at least 700 km along strike in the physiographic Higher Himalaya, and regional relations suggest that the detachment system may traverse nearly the entire 2,000 km length of the Himalaya. Rocks in the footwall of the detachment system contain mylonitic fabrics and show evidence of progressively more brittle deformation as the detachment system evolved. Footwall rocks are juxtaposed against weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, some of which contain conodonts that yield coloration indices corresponding to temperatures no higher than 350°C. Petrologic data from some transects suggest that roughly 10 km of crust was eliminated by movement on the detachment system. At least 35 km of northward displacement is demonstrable along the profile at Qomolangma (Everest). The hanging wall of the detachment system contains mostly north-dipping normal faults, many of which are thought to sole into the detachment at depth. In the western-most profile, a large, north-vergent synformal anticline has the geometry of a typical retrocharriage structure and the fold is interpreted to be part of a broad zone of down-to-the-north normal shear. The two eastern profiles indicate at least two periods of movement on the South Tibetan detachment system, and the easternmost profile contains a north-dipping normal fault that cuts the detachment system. North of the South Tibetan detachment system, normal faults extend for about 100 km, normal fault-bounded Neogene basins are present, and at least one Miocene metamorphic core complex is recognized. Thus, the Higher Himalaya and southernmost Tibet contain late Cenozoic structures typical of areas of regional extension, although they were formed in an area of regional shortening. We interpret these relations as the result of topographic collapse of the southern edge of Tibet, driven by gravity acting on the high-standing plateau and triggered by melting and leucogranite production within the midcrust. At the same time as extension was occurring at higher crustal levels, convergence and crustal shortening were occurring at lower crustal levels. Between the South Tibetan detachment fault and the main subduction zone a wedge of midcrustal material, bounded by a thrust fault at its base and a normal fault at its top, was extruded relatively southward out from beneath the topographically high Miocene Tibetan plateau. Extension and southward extrusion of this midcrustal wedge appear to be reflected in the modern topography of southern Tibet.