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Mineral diagenesis in a carbonate-rich mudstone: the Lower Carboniferous Hodder Mudstone, UK
Abstract Mineral authigenesis in mudstones responds differently across the compositional spectrum of fine-grained rocks, resulting in a complex array of possible rock fabrics that affect the mechanical capacity of mudstones. Within carbonate-rich mudstones, geochemical controls on silicate and carbonate mineral reactions are variable and poorly understood. Here we analyse the diagenetic minerals of the carbonate-rich Hodder Mudstone from the Carboniferous Bowland Basin, UK, using SEM petrography combined with X-ray-based inorganic geochemical data. Our findings show that up to 90% of quartz cements in the samples are diagenetic, originating mainly from biogenic silica dissolution and clay mineral reactions. It is also evident that due to the varying diagenetic silica-yielding reactions, authigenic silica overgrowths and isolated authigenic quartz crystals are localized in argillaceous samples, while calcareous samples are characterized by silica replacement textures and quartz/calcite intergrowths. Moreover, euhedral dolomite crystals are concentrated within argillaceous units, whereas calcareous units are characterized by anhedral dolomite precipitation and replacement textures. These finding presents a case for facies-selective cementation, as both early and burial diagenetic alterations were observed to be controlled by primary depositional components of biogenic debris and extrabasinal silicate detritus that resulted in complex and variable precipitation of authigenic minerals.
Fringe or background: Characterizing deep-water mudstones beyond the basin-floor fan sandstone pinchout
Introduction
Sedimentology and microfacies of a mud-rich slope succession: in the Carboniferous Bowland Basin, NW England (UK)
Abstract As the fastest growing energy sector globally, shale and shale reservoirs have attracted the attention of both industry and scholars. However, the strong heterogeneity at different scales and the extremely fine-grained nature of shales makes macroscopic and microscopic characterization highly challenging. Recent advances in imaging techniques have provided many novel characterization opportunities of shale components and microstructures at multiple scales. Correlative imaging, where multiple techniques are combined, is playing an increasingly important role in the imaging and quantification of shale microstructures (e.g. one can combine optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy and X-ray radiography in 2D, or X-ray computed tomography and electron microscopy in 3D). Combined utilization of these techniques can characterize the heterogeneity of shale microstructures over a large range of scales, from macroscale to nanoscale ( c. 10 0 –10 −9 m). Other chemical and physical measurements can be correlated to imaging techniques to provide complementary information for minerals, organic matter and pores. These imaging techniques and subsequent quantification methods are critically reviewed to provide an overview of the correlative imaging workflow. Applications of the above techniques for imaging particular features in different shales are demonstrated, and key limitations and benefits summarized. Current challenges and future perspectives in shale imaging techniques and their applications are discussed.
Compositional controls on early diagenetic pathways in fine-grained sedimentary rocks: Implications for predicting unconventional reservoir attributes of mudstones
Mudstone (“shale”) depositional and diagenetic processes: Implications for seismic analyses of source-rock reservoirs
Abstract Sediments are a major component of the ocean system and the composition of, and chemical processes acting upon, these sediments are controlled by many factors. In this chapter we outline the major types of marine sediment (lithogenous, biogenic, hydrogeneous and authigenic), discuss the sources of these and their chemical and mineral characteristics. The most abundant minerals are (oxyhydr)oxides, clay minerals, sulfides and carbonates, and all of these have been studied extensively, using a range of mineralogical techniques. A major aim of this chapter is to provide a framework by which the mineral transformations that take place upon, or just below, the sea-floor can be understood. There are significant thermodynamic, kinetic and biological controls on these transformations, and the interaction of these plays a major role in element cycling between the oceans and the lithosphere, and trace element-enrichment on the sea-floor and carbon burial and remineralization. Further, we conclude that more research is required on the interactions between minerals and bacteria within marine sediments, and on the role of amorphous oxide minerals delivered from land in early burial reactions and mineral precipitations. Oceans cover ∼70% of the Earthâ∈™s surface so that the processes operating within the marine realm and upon ocean floors play a marked role in element and nutrient cycling, biological productivity, ultimately exerting an important influence on global climate. This chapter will focus on the distribution, composition and mineralogy of sediments that are actively accumulating on the sea floor, both in the shallow marine and deep ocean realms. Further, it will describe the geochemical and mineralogical processes operating in these sediments.
Iron in Earth Surface Systems: A Major Player in Chemical and Biological Processes
Iron Minerals in Marine Sediments Record Chemical Environments
MINERALS IN CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS: CHARACTERIZATION, STABILITY, IMPACT
High-Resolution Facies Analyses of Mudstones: Implications for Paleoenvironmental and Sequence Stratigraphic Interpretations of Offshore Ancient Mud-Dominated Successions
Basin-scale dolomite cementation of shoreface sandstones in response to sea-level fall
Stratigraphic Significance of Ooidal Ironstones from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: The Peace River Formation, Alberta, Canada, and the Castlegate Sandstone, Utah, U.S.A.
The Paleohydrology of Lower Cretaceous Seasonal Wetlands, Isle of Wight, Southern England
Carbonate Cementation in a Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework: Upper Cretaceous Sandstones, Book Cliffs, Utah-Colorado
Abstract: Early diagenetic minerals are common within mudstone-dominated shallow marine sediments. However, our understanding of how these early diagenetic assemblages vary in a spatial and temporal sense across sedimentary basins is poorly developed. Such an appreciation is important, as early diagenetic mineral assemblages show a clear relationship with stratigraphic architecture and stratal surfaces. In this study we present integrated stratigraphic and geochemical data for four differently aged mudstone-dominalcd successions (the Lower Jurassic Scunthorpe and Brant Mudstone Formations of eastern England, the Lower Jurassic Cleveland Ironstone Formation of eastern England, the Triassic Westbury Formation of South West England, and the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group of Book Cliffs, Utah). Both spatial and temporal variability in early diagenetic mineral assemblages can be recognized in these successions, taking the form of ooidal ironstones, phosphates (apatite-rich units and bone-beds), concretionary carbonates, and pyritic mudstones. These variations are interpreted to result from spatial and temporal variations in physical and gcochemical conditions in the sediments close to the sediment-water interface. Specifically, the physical and geochemical conditions required for the formation of these cemented units occur at key stratal surfaces (marine flooding surfaces, maximum flooding surfaces, and down-dip equivalents of sequence boundaries). The physical conditions that occur at sequence boundaries (low accommodation, high energy, and frequent sediment reworking) can lead to (he predominance of suboxic diagenesis and the formation of berthierine- and siderite-rich ooidal ironstones. Conditions of low net sediment accumulation and oxic/suboxic diagenesis upon major transgressive surfaces and maximum flooding surfaces leads to the formation of phosphate-rich units. Breaks in sediment accumulation at marine flooding surfaces lead to enhanced early diagenesis and the formation of laterally extensive carbonate cements and concretionary horizons. Sulfide-dominated early diagenesis (that dominated by sulfate reduction) is predominant during “normal” periods of shallow marine sedimentation and appears to mark the bulk of sediments within systems tracts. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating stratigraphic and geochemical data in developing quantitative and predictive models for early diagenesis.