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Controls on topography and erosion of the north-central Andes
When knickzones limit upstream transmission of base-level fall: An example from Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i
Late Quaternary Tectonics along the Peri-Adriatic Sector of the Apenninic Chain (Central-Southern Italy): Inspecting Active Shortening through Topographic Relief and Fluvial Network Analyses
Active deformation and Plio-Pleistocene fluvial reorganization of the western Kura fold–thrust belt, Georgia: implications for the evolution of the Greater Caucasus Mountains
Incision history of the Verde Valley region and implications for uplift of the Colorado Plateau (central Arizona)
Preservation or piracy: Diagnosing low-relief, high-elevation surface formation mechanisms: REPLY
Along-strike variation in catchment morphology and cosmogenic denudation rates reveal the pattern and history of footwall uplift, Main Gulf Escarpment, Baja California
Preservation or piracy: Diagnosing low-relief, high-elevation surface formation mechanisms
Assessment of the uncertainty budget and image resolution of terrestrial laser scans of geomorphic surfaces
Drainage network reveals patterns and history of active deformation in the eastern Greater Caucasus
Evidence for Pleistocene Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Region, Nepal
The role of waterfalls and knickzones in controlling the style and pace of landscape adjustment in the western San Gabriel Mountains, California
Arroyo channel head evolution in a flash-flood–dominated discontinuous ephemeral stream system
Diagnosing climatic and tectonic controls on topography: Eastern flank of the northern Bolivian Andes
Contrasting bedrock incision rates from snowmelt and flash floods in the Henry Mountains, Utah
Beyond threshold hillslopes: Channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active mountain ranges
The influence of large landslides on river incision in a transient landscape: Eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (Sichuan, China)
Uplift of the western margin of the Andean plateau revealed from canyon incision history, southern Peru
Empirical observations from fluvial systems across the globe reveal a consistent power-law scaling between channel slope and contributing drainage area. Theoretical arguments for both detachment- and transport-limited erosion regimes suggest that rock uplift rate should exert first-order control on this scaling. Here we describe in detail a method for exploiting this relationship, in which topographic indices of longitudinal profile shape and character are derived from digital topographic data. The stream profile data can then be used to delineate breaks in scaling that may be associated with tectonic boundaries. The description of the method is followed by three case studies from varied tectonic settings. The case studies illustrate the power of stream profile analysis in delineating spatial patterns of, and in some cases, temporal changes in, rock uplift rate. Owing to an incomplete understanding of river response to rock uplift, the method remains primarily a qualitative tool for neotectonic investigations; we conclude with a discussion of research needs that must be met before we can extract quantitative information about tectonics directly from topography.
Numerical modeling of non–steady-state river profile evolution using a sediment-flux-dependent incision model
We use a numerical model to investigate disequilibrium conditions in detachment-limited river networks. Erosion rates are modeled using two different equations that include sediment flux as a variable for determining incision rates into bedrock. A number of numerical simulations are performed to explore erosion patterns, channel profile shape, and network concavity after an increase in uplift rate across the network. In the case where an increase in sediment flux (relative to carrying capacity) is considered only to decrease incision rates, the main channel has a two-part response to a faster uplift rate; initially a knickpoint steepens channel slopes locally, but at later times channel slopes rise throughout the network. However, in the case where an increase in sediment flux can both enhance and suppress incision rates, the transient network response can be much more dynamic; channel slopes (and also elevations) can both rise and fall, all in response to a single increase in uplift rate. The response varies depending on the magnitude of change in uplift rate and the initial ratio of sediment flux to sediment carrying capacity. In all examples, the lower parts of the network respond quickly to an increase in uplift rates by increasing channel slopes, while the response of erosion rates in the upper parts of the network occurs later. As a result, the change in sediment flux delivered to higher order channels lags the initial changes in the slope of these channels and causes a complex response in erosion rates. These findings highlight that erosion rates at any point in the network respond to changes both downstream and upstream, and therefore variables such as sediment flux that integrate the upstream response can play an important role is shaping the transient morphology of river networks.