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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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gabbros
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two-mica granite (1)
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metals
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hafnium
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rare earths
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yttrium (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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Front Matter
Foreword
How geology and paleontology help build the magic of the Disneyland Resort (Anaheim, California, USA)
ABSTRACT The Disneyland Resort (Anaheim, California, USA) is one of the most iconic theme parks in the world, and is fortuitously located across the street from the 2024 GSA Connects meeting. Geology and paleontology have played an important role in the making of the resort, from initial design and layout to attraction and land conceptualization and design. On this walking tour, we will learn some of the history of the resort and how the geosciences have affected and influenced the design and evolution of several attractions at Disneyland Park, including the Disneyland Railroad, Pirates of the Caribbean, the Matterhorn Bobsleds, Big Thunder Mountain, and the new Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge. We also include notes on the influence of geology on several of the attractions at Disney California Adventure. Ultimately, we hope participants gain insight and appreciation for the influence that the geosciences have had on the Disneyland Resort and the effort that Disney’s Imagineers put in to accurately incorporate elements of our natural world into the world(s) of the Disneyland Resort. The examples we will see show how incorporating real geology and paleontology into attraction conceptualization and construction results in more believable, engaging, and entertaining attractions for audiences.
Exploration of North American Quaternary geology at the La Brea Tar Pits (California, USA)
ABSTRACT On this one-day field trip, we will explore the profound scientific discoveries offered by the well-preserved fossil deposits in La Brea Tar Pits, California, USA. We will examine the complex late Quaternary ecosystems of southern California. Predators, like the saber-toothed cat, and large megafauna, like the Columbian mammoth, have provided ample data about mammal behavior over the last 50 thousand years. During the trip, we will explore the ongoing excavation and discuss various methodologies. Among other topics, we will decipher biodiversity, extinction patterns, and ecological interdependencies during prehistoric eras. We will also look at the significance and the implications for future scientific discovery.
Cretaceous through Neogene tectonostratigraphic evolution of the southern California margin, USA
ABSTRACT The paleotectonic evolution of the continental margin of southern California (USA) is recorded in the tectonostratigraphic record, much of which is exposed in the Santa Monica Mountains and their surroundings. This field trip examines the stratigraphic record that documents the Late Cretaceous through Neogene evolution of the southern California continental margin. The oldest exposed tectonostratigraphic units of latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous age (ca. 150–140 Ma) reflect poorly understood plate interactions, possibly coeval with or somewhat younger than the Nevadan orogeny recorded in the western Sierra Nevada, where an arc-arc collision likely occurred. These plate interactions preceded subduction of the oceanic Farallon plate, which initiated the Cretaceous–Paleogene arc-trench system (ca. 140–30 Ma), within which forearc strata accumulated. Cretaceous and Paleogene forearc strata represent times of both normal (ca. 140–80 Ma) and low-angle (ca. 80–40 Ma) subduction (Laramide). During the latest Paleogene, the arc-trench system was disrupted by interaction with the East Pacific Rise and related transforms, which resulted in progressive evolution of the margin from an arc-trench system into a transform plate boundary (ca. 30–0 Ma). Microplate capture, transrotation, transtension, and transpression have each left a stratigraphic record of these complex and superposed Neogene events. Depositional paleoenvironments included submarine fans, slopes, shelves, fluvial systems, alluvial aprons, and fan deltas. Key outcrops in the Santa Monica Mountains area illustrate these field relationships and paleoenvironments. The overall purpose of this field trip is to observe key aspects of the stratigraphic and structural record that record the complex paleotectonics of the southern California continental margin since the Jurassic.
ABSTRACT This one-day field trip explores northeastern Santa Cruz Island ( Limuw , in native Chumash), a part of Channel Islands National Park, USA. The geomorphology of eastern Santa Cruz Island has been controlled largely by active tectonics and sea-level fluctuations. The bedrock is Miocene volcanic rock overlain by Miocene shale and siltstone. The island has experienced Quaternary uplift, perhaps due to movement along an offshore thrust fault. Smaller faults are exposed in sea cliffs and have displaced Miocene rocks. Superimposed upon island uplift, there have been Quaternary sea-level fluctuations from interglacial-glacial climate changes. Interglacial high-sea stands are recorded as marine terraces. The last major interglacial period, ~120,000 years ago, left only small remnants of marine terraces. Most evidence of this high-sea stand was eroded away in the Holocene. However, a prominent marine terrace is preserved at 75–120 m above sea level. Some fossil mollusks from the deposits of this terrace, probably reworked, have given ages as old as Pliocene, but most yield ages of 2.6–2.0 Ma. The age and elevation of this terrace indicate a very low rate of tectonic uplift, similar to nearby Anacapa Island. A low uplift rate explains the absence or scarcity of younger terraces, including that of the last interglacial period. Low stands of sea (glacial periods) exposed the insular shelf, rich in carbonate skeletal sand. During glacial periods, these sands were entrained by the wind, deposited as dunes on marine terraces, and cemented into eolianite. Clay-rich Vertisols with silt mantles have developed on eolianites and terraces of the island, partly from in situ weathering, but also from inputs of Mojave Desert dust during Santa Ana wind events. This guide includes stops at Scorpion Anchorage, Cavern Point, and Potato Harbor. It provides insights into the bedrock, coastal geomorphology, fossiliferous marine terraces, eolianite, Vertisols, and the three formations on eastern Santa Cruz Island: the Santa Cruz Island Volcanics, the Monterey Formation, and the Potato Harbor Formation.
New models for fracture development in magmatic systems, Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, California, USA
ABSTRACT The Late Cretaceous Tuolumne Intrusive Suite in the Sierra Nevada batholith (California, USA) has been well studied for magmatic processes. The superb alpine exposures also allow one to investigate the development of magmatic fractures in these systems. Utilizing a cognitive framework of mental models, this field trip highlights and explores three fracture types that are rarely described in the literature and appear limited to magmatic systems. The first type is tabular fracture clusters (TFCs), which are a series of closely (sub-cm) spaced, sub-parallel fractures. Most TFCs in the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite strike ~020, but in some locations there is an orthogonal set that strikes ~110. Both sets have a sub-vertical dip. The second fracture type is magma-healed fractures. These fractures offset igneous features (e.g., layering), but there is no extant fault with grain-size reduction or evidence of cataclasis. Our interpretation is that these features formed while the system contained melt, and that the melt healed any brittle deformation features that may have formed. The third fracture type is primary en echelon P-fractures, recognized by the formation of epidote-filled, pull-apart zones. There are both right-lateral and left-lateral P-fracture arrays, which are spatially associated with the right-lateral Cascade Lake shear zone (part of the Sierra Crest shear zone system). These three types of fracture systems do not fit into any preexisting fault/fracture categories. These observations suggest that disciplinary categories (e.g., fault systems) may need to be expanded to form more categories (splitting). This category reorganization may be facilitated by taking a perspective that addresses both the Earth processes and mental processes that reason about them. During this two-day field trip, we will visit the tabular fracture clusters and healed magmatic fractures in Yosemite National Park, and the P-fracture arrays in the Saddlebag Lake area.
Volcanism and tectonics of young basaltic fields in the eastern California shear zone, California, USA
ABSTRACT Circa 12 Ma, there was a fundamental reorganization of magmatism and tectonics in the Mojave Desert, California, USA, from basaltic to rhyolitic fields associated with extensional tectonics to dispersed basaltic monogenetic fields associated with the northwest- or east-striking strike-slip faults. The broad zone of strike-slip faults associated with the San Andreas transform margin stretched east to Arizona, but the high slip-rate central part that is known as the Quaternary eastern California shear zone is the locus of the post–12 Ma volcanism. We compiled a literature review of 29 basaltic fields, conducted detailed and reconnaissance study of several fields, and conducted geochemistry on many. Most of the volcanic fields are near or cut by the long fault systems, but more importantly, in nearly two-thirds of the fields that have scoria cones, the cones are <1 km from one of these faults. Eighteen volcanic fields have geochemistry data, and of the 441 analyses of major elements, 286 are new U.S. Geological Survey data that include comprehensive trace elements. The data are used to compare fields and determine the compositional variations during the formation of each field. Comparisons between fields show that several nearby volcanic fields have similar geochemical compositions and trends compared to distant fields; we suggest that six magmatic clusters formed, some with 200–300 k.y. duration. Spatial patterns change over the 12 m.y. span, with early fields forming in the north and south and the youngest in a central area from Pisgah to Amboy fields. The volume of magma also changed, most notably with a sixfold increase ca. 4 Ma followed by a 2–3 m.y. quiescence. In addition to the fracture control provided by strike-slip faults as magma conduits, we advance arguments for shear melting in the mantle along the most active faults, with secondary controls of local tectonic interactions, to explain spatial and temporal patterns in the fields.
ABSTRACT This three-day field trip examines deposits and landscape evolution associated with recent eruptions of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i, USA, beginning with the lower East Rift Zone eruption and associated partial caldera collapse during the summer of 2018. As of this writing, there have been five eruptions within Kīlauea’s summit caldera, one eruption in the Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea, and several intrusions into the south caldera and Southwest Rift Zone since 2018. For the first time since 1984, Mauna Loa erupted in 2022, with lava flows in the caldera and along the Northeast Rift Zone. Recent eruptions contrast significantly with the preceding period, characterized by Kīlauea’s long-lived East Rift Zone eruption at Pu‘u‘ō‘ō from 1983 to 2018 and sustained lava lake activity at the summit from 2008 to 2018.
Eight field guides take you to a variety of locations in southern California, USA, and beyond. Explore basaltic volcanoes in Hawai‘i (active!) and California’s Mojave Desert (Miocene to Quaternary). Learn about the geology and paleontology of some of southern California’s top attractions: Disneyland and the La Brea Tar Pits. Study post-fire debris flows in the San Bernardino Mountains and magmatic fracture systems in Yosemite National Park. Investigate the geologic history of the Santa Monica Mountains and Santa Cruz Island. These field guides from the GSA Connects 2024 meeting in Anaheim, California, are an indispensable resource for geology enthusiasts!
Atomic-scale visualization and quantification of lithium in lepidolite by AC-TEM-EELS: Implications for pegmatite genesis and advancing lithium extraction techniques
Tectonic and magmatic construction of lower crust in the Southern California Batholith
Revisiting the genesis of the adakite-like granitoids in collisional zones: Water-fluxed melting of intermediate to felsic rocks with dilution by low Sr/Y phases
Making sense of shear zone fabrics that record multiple episodes of deformation: Electron backscatter diffraction–derived and crystallographic vorticity axis–enhanced petrochronology
Late Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic deposition of quartz arenites across southern Laurentia
ABSTRACT Supermature siliciclastic sequences were deposited between 1.64 Ga and 1.59 Ga over a broad swath of southern Laurentia in the Archean, Penokean, Yavapai, and Mazatzal Provinces. These siliciclastic sequences are notable for their extreme mineralogical and chemical maturity, being devoid of detrital feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals, containing the clay mineral kaolinite (or its metamorphic equivalent, pyrophyllite), and having a chemical index of alteration >95. Such maturity is the result of a perfect confluence of tectonic and climatic conditions, including a stable continental crust with low topographic relief (the Archean, Penokean, and Yavapai Provinces ca. 1.70 Ga), a warm humid climate, an elevated level of atmospheric CO 2 , and relatively acidic pore fluids in the critical zone. The weathered detritus was transported and deposited by southward-flowing streams across the Archean, Penokean, and Yavapai Provinces, ultimately to be deposited on 1.66 Ga volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in the Mazatzal continental arc along the southern margin of Laurentia.