ABSTRACT The city of Youngstown, the county seat of Mahoning County, is situated along the Mahoning River in northeastern Ohio, USA. Its early industrial growth was due to the ready availability of iron ore, limestone, abundant forests, and coal, all used for production of iron and then steel during the last two centuries. Local Massillon sandstone and Vanport limestone from Ohio and western Pennsylvania were used to construct mansions and other structures in the nineteenth century. By the early 1900s, other stones including Berea sandstone from Ohio, and sedimentary, metamorphic, and intrusive igneous stones quarried at other sites in North America and Europe, were being utilized as dimension stone in Youngstown. This guide briefly reviews the geological and cultural setting of Youngstown, and describes the building, decorative, and monumental stones used for a variety of structures in downtown Youngstown, with emphasis on stone used for the exterior and interior of major structures. Sites include the Butler Institute of American Art, which is clad with marble and incorporates an assortment of other stone inside and outside of the complex, and St. Columba Cathedral, whose limestone is known commercially as Mankato ( Kasota ) stone and is full of fossil burrows, as well as a sampling of stones used in beautiful Oak Hill Cemetery.

Abstract Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such stones, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry and a variety of granites), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, soapstone) stones are featured. These stones have been used over long periods of time for a wide range of uses, including monuments, buildings of architectural note, columns, roofing, tiling and lithography. A number of papers in this book provide information that is essential for eventual approval of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Resource or a group of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Province.

Abstract Berea sandstone, a potential Global Heritage Stone Resource, has been one of the most widely used sandstones in North America. This Paleozoic sandstone, quarried for more than 200 years in Ohio, has been used across much of the continent. Thousands of commercial, residential, ecclesiastical, government and other structures have been built with Berea sandstone, including Thomas Worthington's mansion in Chillicothe, Ohio, the Michigan Capitol in Lansing, Michigan, the Carnegie Library and Natural History Museum Building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and parts of the Parliament buildings in Canada. Grindstones made from Berea sandstone were shipped throughout North America, as well as to the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. The stone is celebrated in a number of locations, notably Berea and Amherst, where quarries have been important historical sources of this stone. It has been known by a number of different geological and commercial names, including Berea grit and Amherst stone, complicating its identification from historical sources. Stone from the most productive quarries, however, was known to be homogeneous and can be identified by its quartz–arenite to sublithic–arenite composition, its fine to medium sand (125–350 µm) grain size and iron-cement spots. Berea sandstone continues to be quarried today in Erie and Lorain counties.

Abstract By virtue of its use in iconic monuments and historic buildings in the USA, Cockeysville marble, a dolomitic to calcitic lower Paleozoic (Cambrian/Ordovician) marble quarried in Baltimore County and adjacent areas in Maryland, is proposed as a potential Global Heritage Stone Resource. The most important use of this stone was for the Washington Monument in Washington, DC whose construction began in 1848; the second most important use was for the 108 columns of the United States Capitol's wings, completed in 1868. It was also used for two of the oldest major marble monuments in the USA, Baltimore's Battle Monument (dedicated in 1827) and Washington Monument (completed in 1829), as well as Baltimore's City Hall, Buffalo's Adkins Art Museum, Detroit's Fisher Building and parts of St Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. During the nineteenth century white Cockeysville was most desired, but a colourful variety, Mar Villa marble, was also used in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cockeysville marble is no longer quarried for dimension stone. All Cockeysville used outdoors has weathered to a lesser or great extent, but early testing indicating that the dolomitic marble would be more durable has proved to be true.

ABSTRACT This walking trip examines local and imported stones used for a wide variety of monuments, museums, skyscrapers, and other structures in downtown Indianapolis. These include Christ Church Cathedral, the Indiana War Memorial, the Indiana Statehouse, the Indiana State Museum, the Eiteljorg Museum of American Indian Art, and an assortment of skyscrapers and other buildings of interest because of the local and imported stones used in their construction. Special attention is given to the spectacular use of stone for the Indiana War Memorial, which is patterned after the tomb of Mausoleus. The origin, composition, weathering, and in some cases replacement of stone used for these varied structures built over a span of a century-and-a-half is discussed. Attention is also given to the use of faux stone, use of stone versus glass, weathering and cleaning of stone, bowing of marble, and biocolonization of building stone.

Abstract This guidebook provides detailed itineraries of three of the geological field trips related to the 2017 joint meeting of the GSA Northeastern and North-Central Sections in Pittsburgh. The first chapter outlines a walking trip of downtown Pittsburgh and the escarpment to its south, consisting of seven “Pitt stops” investigating geological, archaeological, and historical aspects of the Gateway to the West. Venturing further afield, the second chapter describes a trip that explores periglacial features as far as the Upper Youghiogheny River basin in Maryland and the Laurel Highlands of Pennsylvania. The third chapter investigates hydrologic aspects of the 1889 Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood, largely following the progress of the flood from its point of origin to the city of Johnstown.

Abstract This guidebook chapter outlines a walking tour that provides an introduction to the geological, archaeological, and historical setting of Pittsburgh, with an emphasis on the use of local and imported geologic materials and resources in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The focus is on downtown Pittsburgh, the low-lying triangle of land where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio River, and Coal Hill (Mount Washington), the escarpment along the Monongahela River to its south. Topics include the importance of—and concomitant effect of—historic coal use; use of local and imported geologic materials, including dimension stone used for buildings and gravestones, and chert used for gunflints and millstones; the frontier forts built at the site; and the ubiquitous landslides along Coal Hill.

Abstract During the Pleistocene, the Laurentian Ice Sheet extended southward into western Pennsylvania. This field trip identifies a number of periglacial features from the Pittsburgh Low Plateau section to the Allegheny Mountain section of the Appalachian Plateaus Province that formed near the Pleistocene ice sheet front. Evidence of Pleistocene periglacial climate in this area includes glacial lake deposits in the Monongahela River valley near Morgantown, West Virginia, and Sphagnum peat bogs, rock cities, and patterned ground in plateau areas surrounding the Upper Youghiogheny River basin in Garrett County, Maryland, and the Laurel Highlands of Somerset County, Pennsylvania. In the high lying basins of the Allegheny Mountains, Pleistocene peat bogs still harbor species characteristic of more northerly latitudes due to local frost pocket conditions.

Abstract Johnstown, Pennsylvania, has long been associated with flooding due to major floods in 1889, 1936, and 1977. The most famous of these floods, the Johnstown Flood of 1889, led to more than 2200 deaths and was the result of the catastrophic collapse of the South Fork Dam. This privately owned dam was located on the South Fork of the Little Conemaugh River, ~14 mi (23 km) upstream of Johnstown. The dam changed ownership multiple times since its initial construction and had been improperly rebuilt and maintained after partial breaches. It was the final failure after a wet spring and heavy rainfall that resulted in death and devastation along the Little Conemaugh River valley from South Fork to Johnstown. This field guide presents the history of the South Fork Dam and incorporates recent studies that examined the timing of the flood and failure of the dam itself. The field trip begins at the origin of the flood at the South Fork Dam and largely follows the path of the flood down the valley to Johnstown with stops at sites impacted by the flood wave, as well as sites that demonstrate a response to the flood.

Abstract Western Pennsylvania is rich in oil history, and many of the fledgling petroleum industry’s “firsts” happened right here between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. First and foremost, it is home to the Drake Well, the first-ever economic well intentionally drilled to produce oil. In addition, western Pennsylvania has bragging rights to various industry advancements, from the way geologic samples were collected and interpreted, to how wells were drilled and stimulated for production, to early oil refining techniques, marketing, and production. In this field guide, we discuss the petroleum geology and history of western Pennsylvania in general and three important oil-producing sites in particular: (1) the McClintock #1 Well, Rouseville; (2) the Drake Well, Titusville; and (3) Muddy Creek oil field, Prospect. Each of these sites produced oil from Upper Devonian reservoirs and spurred additional petroleum exploration and development in the central Appalachian basin. This field trip generally follows the GSA guide published from the 2011 Joint Meeting of the GSA Northeastern and North-Central Sections in Pittsburgh (available at http://fieldguides.gsapubs.org/ ): Carter, K.M., and Flaherty, K.J., 2011, The old, the crude, and the muddy: Oil history in western Pennsylvania, in Ruffolo, R.M., and Ciampaglio, C.N., eds., From the Shield to the Sea: Geological Field Trips from the 2011 Joint Meeting of the GSA Northeastern and North-Central Sections: Geological Society of America Field Guide 20, p. 169–185, doi:10.1130/2011.0020(08).

Abstract Baltimore, the Monumental City, was founded in 1729. One of the oldest large cities in the United States, it has had a long history of stone use. This chapter discusses the stone used for a number of iconic Baltimore monuments and buildings, including the Battle Monument, the Washington Monument, the neo-classical Basilica of the Assumption, the neo-Gothic Mount Vernon Place United Methodist Church, Transamerica Tower (Baltimore’s tallest building), and a number of other structures, providing an overview of the major stone types used in the city during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The general trend over this time is a shift from use of local and regional stone to use of stone from a variety of sources, including stone from Europe and Asia. This trend is most apparent in stone used for building exteriors. The various stones used have different properties, which affect their susceptibility to weathering. These include serpentinites, marbles, and brownstones that are particularly prone to weathering.

Abstract The Nebraska Capitol is a stunning Art Deco structure located in the heart of Lincoln, Nebraska. This monumental Capitol building contains outstanding examples of the exterior and interior use of Indiana limestone , and interior use of Red Verona (Rosso Verona) marble , Ridgway bluestone , Yellow Kasota stone , Napoleon Gray marble , Belgian Black marble , Portoro (Black and Gold) marble , and Verde Antique . Examples of numerous other stone types quarried in the United States and Europe can also be found within the building. This chapter discusses these building and decorative stones as used in the Capitol, as well as the geologic setting of this building, the striking paleontological iconography of its Rotunda, and the stones used for the Lincoln Monument on the Capitol grounds.

Abstract Even before 1800, geological resources such as chert, iron, limestone, and coal were being utilized from the Pennsylvanian rocks of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. These materials were of great interest to the early geologists of the region. This field trip discusses these products in the context of early grain milling, iron furnaces, and allied industries of Ohio and Pennsylvania in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, with a focus on two publicly accessible sites: McConnells Mill Park in western Pennsylvania, and Mill Creek Park in eastern Ohio. These parks contain publicly accessible gristmills and iron furnaces, and outcrops. We also provide new observations on cultural materials related to these industries, especially iron-furnace slag and millstones.

Abstract Even before 1800, geological resources such as chert, iron, limestone, and coal were being utilized from the Pennsylvanian rocks of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. These materials were of great interest to the early geologists of the region. This field trip discusses these products in the context of early grain milling, iron furnaces, and allied industries of Ohio and Pennsylvania in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, with a focus on two publicly accessible sites: McConnells Mill Park in western Pennsylvania, and Mill Creek Park in eastern Ohio. These parks contain publicly accessible gristmills and iron furnaces, and outcrops. We also provide new observations on cultural materials related to these industries, especially iron-furnace slag and millstones.