A Google Earth–based virtual field trip, part of an introductory geology class, has been developed to illustrate the geology of the Presidential Range, New Hampshire. During a class field trip to Mt. Washington, the highest peak in the Northeast, students record GPS locations of exposures and collect information in the form of field notes and digital images from outcrops. Students upload the GPS waypoints into Google Earth and their images into a class PicasaWeb album, and they also make video clips that are uploaded into a class YouTube account. In Google Earth, the students embed and geologically annotate their images and embed their video clips. The final product is a Google Earth .kmz file or what is termed a mashup. The mashup provides a permanent record of the excursion and, if made available on the Internet, allows any user the ability to easily view the geology at any time. Constructing the mashup from the real field trip initiated reflective, independent, student-motivated learning and group work using technology that the students regularly use and enjoy doing. The resulting mashups have been very good, with an appropriate level of geologic content for an introductory course. Grading, which normally is onerous, is actually enjoyable, entertaining, and easy.

Abstract The use of orthophosphate as a chemical stabilization agent for municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion residues is widespread in Japan and North America. The application of this technology to MSW ashes generally parallels its use with other metal contaminated wastes (e.g., soils, sediments, smelter dusts, slags, wire chopping wastes, mine tailings), especially Pb-contaminated soils. The technology relies on the fact that forms very insoluble and stable minerals for a variety of divalent metal cations (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn). Extensive data from phosphate-treated contaminated soil systems suggest that stabilization involves surface immobilization reactions involving sorption, heterogeneous nucleation and surface precipitation, and/or solution phase precipitation involving homogeneous nucleation and precipitation. A geochemical basis for use of in ash systems is presented with a focus on the wide theoretical pH distribution, pH-pE predominance and redox stability of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn phosphates within complex bottom ash pore water systems. Stabilization mechanisms in bottom ashes, scrubber residues, and vitrification dusts are similar to those observed in soil systems. Some longer term leaching behaviour of phosphate-stabilized ashes are presented. The roles of Ostwald ripening, solid solutions (e.g., (Pb,Ca) 5 (PO4) 3 OH), and kinetically controlled reaction pathways probably are more important than what is presently envisioned in phosphate-stabilized ash systems.

The Central Maine Terrane (CMT) includes the rocks that extend northeasterly from Connecticut to Maine and from the Monroe Fault on the west to the Campbell Hill-Nonesuch River Fault Zone on the east. A four-phase sequence of Acadian regional deformation is recognized for the CMT cover sequence. D 1 , the earliest phase, is characterized by F 1 nappes that have east or west vergence; the sense of vergence switches at the Central New Hampshire anticlinorium (CNHA). D 1 is also characterized by early, rarely observed, low-angle and “blind” T 1 thrust faults. The CNHA (or “dorsal zone”) is analogous to a “pop up” structure and is the likely root zone for both east- and west-verging Acadian D 1 thrust-nappes. D 2 is characterized by abundant F 2 tight to isoclinal, inclined to recumbent folds with northeast-trending axes and east-southeast vergence. Most of these folds face downward, a reflection of D 2 refolding the inverted limbs of D 1 structures, and these structures are identifiable chiefly in eastern New Hampshire. F 2 folds define a regional map-scale fold, the Lebanon antiformal syncline. During D 3 broad, open, upright to inclined F 3 folds with west- or northwest-trending axes were developed across the entire belt. F 3 map-scale syntaxial folds are well defined by the outcrop pattern of the metasedimentary rocks. D 4 , the last phase of deformation, is characterized by F 4 , tight to isoclinal, inclined folds with north-northeast-trending axes and east vergence and is restricted to the western part of the CMT. F 4 folds refolded the earlier structures and significantly modify the map pattern, tightening some of the earlier major structures in the CMT, for example the Kearsarge-Central Maine synclinorium. D 2 and D 4 are similarly oriented but spatially and temporally distinct. Deformation phases D 1 through D 4 are geographically restricted. This uneven distribution of structures is critical to correlations of deformation sequences across the orogen. Any local sequence of deformation in the CMT of central New Hampshire will commonly have only three of the four regional phases preserved in outcrop.