Abstract The Southern Granulite Terrain of India comprises four Proterozoic domains (from north to south): the Madurai Block, and the Achankovil, Ponmudi and Nagercoil Units. All but the Achankovil Unit share similarities with the Highland Complex of Sri Lanka: (1) evidence for Palaeoproterozoic crust formation (from U–Pb ages and 2.0–3.0 Ga Nd model ages); and (2) Pan-African ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism between 610 and 550 Ma. More specifically, the Ponmudi Unit and the Madurai Block share lithological and petrological characteristics with the low- P and high- P domains of the Highland Complex, respectively. The Achankovil Unit is correlated with the Wanni Complex of Sri Lanka on the basis of lithologies and Nd model ages (1.0–2.0Ga). These domains and the Vijayan and Kadugannawa Complexes of Sri Lanka represent Late Mesoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic crustal domains. Similarities in tectonic style, degree of metamorphism and Neoproterozoic U–Pb ages, suggest a common Pan-African tectonothermal evolution for the lower crustal domains of southern India, Sri Lanka and the Lützow-Holm Bay of Eastern Antarctica. Sri Lanka may have been located at the junction between the Mozambique Belt and a second belt partly involving areas that underwent a Grenvillian high-grade event during the formation of Rodinia. Madagascar shows a similar Pan-African metamorphic overprint, but is located in a different position and lacks the influence of the second belt. Alternative views are discussed.