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Hydrothermal sulfate surges promote rare earth element transport and mineralization
Experimental melt inclusion homogenization in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: Comparison with homogenization at one atmosphere
Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (<450 °C) hydrothermal experiments
Cassiterite crystallization experiments in alkali carbonate aqueous solutions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell
The Behavior of H 2 in Aqueous Fluids under High Temperature and Pressure
Crystallization experiments of rare metal minerals in aqueous solution in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell
Effects of CH 4 and CO 2 on the sulfidization of goethite and magnetite: an in situ Raman spectroscopic study in high-pressure capillary optical cells at room temperature
Optical cells with fused silica windows for the study of geological fluids
Abstract Two types of optical cells with fused silica windows are described for study of geological fluids at temperatures ( T ) up to 600°C and pressures ( P ) up to 1 kbar. One is the high-pressure optical cell (HPOC), in which fluids of known composition can be loaded directly into the cell and its pressure can be adjusted and measured. The other is the fused silica capillary capsule (FSCC), which contains sample fluid with both ends of the tube flame sealed. Both types of cells can be inserted into a heating-cooling stage (USGS-type, the newly developed stage from INSTEC or that from Linkam) for in situ observations and Raman spectroscopic analyses at various P-T conditions. The HPOC has been applied to measure the solubility and diffusion of methane in water, the solubility of methane hydrate in water, and methane pressures in fluid samples. It is also very useful for providing fluid standards with known composition and pressure for the calibration of Raman spectroscopic systems before quantitative analyses. The FSCC is particularly useful for samples which need to be reacted at elevated P-T conditions for long periods of time (days or weeks). These two types of optical cells with fused silica windows are particularly suitable for the study of organic systems and also for systems containing sulphur.
Abstract In this chapter, we describe the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC), which is specifically designed for experiments on systems with aqueous fluids to temperatures up to ~1000°C and pressures up to a few GPa to tens of GPa. This cell permits optical observation of the sample and the in situ determination of properties by ‘photon-in – photon-out’ techniques such as Raman spectroscopy. Several methods for pressure measurement are discussed in detail including the Raman spectroscopic pressure sensors α-quartz, berlinite, zircon, cubic boron nitride ( c -BN), and 13 C-diamond, the fluorescence sensors ruby , Sm:YAG and SrB 4 O 7 :Sm 2+ , and measurements of phase-transition temperatures. Furthermore, we give an overview of published Raman spectroscopic studies of geological fluids to high pressures and temperatures, in which diamond anvil cells were applied.
Monoclinic tridymite in clast-rich impact melt rock from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure
Steric hindrance and the enhanced stability of light rare-earth elements in hydrothermal fluids
Mineralogy of mine waste at the Vermont Asbestos Group mine, Belvidere Mountain, Vermont
The 1766-m-deep Eyreville B core from the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure includes, in ascending order, a lower basement-derived section of schist and pegmatitic granite with impact breccia dikes, polymict impact breccias, and cataclas tic gneiss blocks overlain by suevites and clast-rich impact melt rocks, sand with an amphibolite block and lithic boulders, and a 275-m-thick granite slab overlain by crater-fill sediments and postimpact strata. Graphite-rich cataclasite marks a detachment fault atop the lower basement-derived section. Overlying impactites consist mainly of basement-derived clasts and impact melt particles, and coastal-plain sediment clasts are underrepresented. Shocked quartz is common, and coesite and reidite are confirmed by Raman spectra. Silicate glasses have textures indicating immiscible melts at quench, and they are partly altered to smectite. Chrome spinel, baddeleyite, and corundum in silicate glass indicate high-temperature crystallization under silica undersaturation. Clast-rich impact melt rocks contain α-cristobalite and monoclinic tridymite. The impactites record an upward transition from slumped ground surge to melt-rich fallback from the ejecta plume. Basement-derived rocks include amphibolite-facies schists, greenschist(?)-facies quartz-feldspar gneiss blocks and subgreenschist-facies shale and siltstone clasts in polymict impact breccias, the amphibolite block, and the granite slab. The granite slab, underlying sand, and amphibolite block represent rock avalanches from inward collapse of unshocked bedrock around the transient crater rim. Gneissic and massive granites in the slab yield U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon dates of 615 ± 7 Ma and 254 ± 3 Ma, respectively. Postimpact heating was <~350 °C in the lower basement-derived section based on undisturbed 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau ages of muscovite and <~150 °C in sand above the suevite based on 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra of detrital microcline.