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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Gansu China (1)
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South China Block (1)
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elements, isotopes
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Primary terms
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Metamorphic P–T–t evolution deciphered from episodic monazite growth in granulites of the Chencai Complex and implications for the Early Paleozoic Orogeny, West Cathaysia terrane, South China
Abstract The Early Paleozoic Orogeny in eastern South China has been highly controversial. It has been alternatively interpreted to have formed in an intra-plate setting driven by far-field tectonic forces or at plate boundaries involving subduction–collision. The West Cathaysia terrane in the core of the orogen is characterized by extensive magmatism, intense deformation and especially high-grade metamorphism. Identifying early Paleozoic high-pressure (HP) metamorphism and establishing a complete P–T–t path from the high-grade metamorphic rocks could help us understand the tectono-thermal evolution process and nature of the Early Paleozoic Orogeny. Here, we present results from a felsic granulite from the Chencai Complex in the northeastern West Cathaysia terrane. Petrographic evidence, mineral compositions and phase equilibria modelling indicate that the granulite underwent a pre-peak HP stage with P–T conditions of 13.3–14.7 kbar/696–718°C and low geothermal gradients of 13–14°C km −1 , and a peak high-temperature stage with P–T conditions of 9.7–11.0 kbar/785–820°C. A clockwise P–T path involving pre-peak decompressional heating, post-peak near-isothermal decompression and near-isobaric cooling processes was constrained for the HP felsic granulite. In situ monazite U–Pb geochronology combined with previous results date these metamorphic processes at c. 440, c. 425 and c. 400 Ma, respectively. Our new metamorphic and geochronological data from the HP felsic granulite support the case that the Early Paleozoic Orogeny was a typical collisional one.
Mn substitution and distribution in goethite and influences on its photocatalytic properties: A combined study using first-principles calculations and photocatalytic experiments
Nucleation of Th-rich cerianite on halloysite surface in a regolith-hosted rare earth elements deposit in South China
Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Fracture and Damage in Coal Samples under Overstress Loading and Unloading Paths
Atomistic mechanism of cadmium incorporation into hydroxyapatite
Estimating lifeline resilience factors using post-disaster business recovery data
Chapter 10 Geology and Metallogeny of Tungsten and Tin Deposits in China
Abstract Tungsten and Sn deposits in China are widely distributed in the South China block (i.e., Yangtze craton-Cathaysian block), Himalaya, Tibetan, Sanjiang, Kunlun, Qilian, Qinling, Dabie, and Sulu orogens, and Central Asian orogenic belt. Among these, the South China block hosts the majority of the mineralization with about 73% (9.943 million tonnes WO 3 ) and 85% (6.561 million tonnes Sn) of the country’s total W and Sn resources, respectively. The W resource mainly occurs as skarn (63%), quartz-vein (17%), porphyry (17%), and greisen (3%) Sulu deposits, whereas Sn is present in skarn (81%), quartz veins that are typically tourmaline-bearing (6%), sulfide-rich veins or mantos (5%), greisen (5%), and porphyry (3%) Sulu deposits. The W and Sn mineralization formed during numerous events from Neoproterozoic to Paleocene with a peak in the period from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and with an uneven spatial and temporal distribution pattern. The Neoproterozoic Sn (W) deposits (850–790 Ma) occur on the southern and western margins of the Yangtze craton, the early Paleozoic W(Sn) deposits (450–410 Ma) are mainly distributed in the northern Qilian and the westernmost part of the eastern Kunlun orogens, the late Paleozoic Sn and W deposits (310–280 Ma) are mainly developed in the western part of the Central Asian orogenic belt, the Triassic W and Sn deposits (250–210 Ma) are widely scattered over the whole country, the Early Jurassic to Cretaceous W and Sn deposits (198–80 Ma) mainly occur in eastern China, and the late Early Cretaceous to Cenozoic Sn and W deposits (121–56 Ma) are exposed in the Himalaya-Tibetan-Sanjiang orogen. The petrologic characteristics of W- and Sn-related granitoids in China vary with the associated ore elements and can be divided into the Sn-dominant, W-dominant, W-Cu, and Mo-W (or W-Mo) groups. The granitoids associated with the Sn- and W-dominant magmatic-hydrothermal systems are highly fractionated S- and I-type, high-K calc-alkaline and (or) shoshonitic intrusions that show a metaluminous to peraluminous nature. They exhibit enrichments in F, B, Be, Rb, Nb, and Ta, depletions in Ti, Ca, Sr, Eu, Ba, and Zr, and strongly negative Eu anomalies. The granitoids associated with W-Cu and W-Mo deposits are of a high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic nature, metaluminous, depleted in Nb and Ta, and display weakly negative Eu anomalies. Granitoids associated with Sn- and W-dominant deposits are reduced, whereas those linked to W-Cu and Mo-W deposits are relatively more oxidized. The magma sources of W-dominant granitoids are ancient crust, whereas those connected with Sn, Mo-W, and W-Cu deposits are from variable mixing of ancient and juvenile crustal components. The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of W and Sn deposits in China is intimately related to the regional geodynamic evolution. The Neoproterozoic Sn deposits are associated with peraluminous, highly fractionated, and volatile-enriched (boron and fluorine) S-type granites sourced from the melting of an ancient crust in a postcollisional setting related to the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. The early Paleozoic W deposits are genetically associated with highly fractionated S-type granites formed during postcollisional events and were derived from the partial melting of a thickened continental crust in the context of Proto-Tethyan assembly. Granitoids associated with late Paleozoic Sn and W deposits were derived from the melting of an ancient and juvenile crust with I-type affinity associated with the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Although the Triassic W and Sn deposits are related to the assembly of Asian blocks within the Pangea supercontinent, their geologic settings are variable. Those in the South China block and the Himalaya-Tibetan-Sanjiang belt are associated with collision and magma derivation through the partial melting of a thickened continental crust, whereas in the Kunlun-Qilian-Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen and the Central Asian orogenic belt, a postcollisional extensional setting dominates. The Early Jurassic (198–176 Ma) W deposits, located in the northern part of northeast China, are associated with highly fractionated I-type granites derived from melting of juvenile crust and emplaced during the subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic plate. The extensive group of Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous W and Sn deposits formed at two stages at 170 to 135 and 135 to 80 Ma. The former stage is associated with highly fractionated S- and I-type granites that are the products of partial melting of thickened crust with heat input possibly derived from a slab window associated with the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate subduction beneath the Eurasian continent. The later stage is closely associated with NNE-trending strike-slip faults along the Eurasian continental margin and is coeval with the formation of rift basins, metamorphic core complexes, and porphyry-epithermal Cu-Au-Ag deposits. These processes, which were instrumental for the formation of a wide range of mineral deposits, can be ascribed to the regional lithospheric thinning and delamination of a thickened lithosphere and thermal erosion in a postsubduction extensional setting. The 121 to 56 Ma Sn deposits in the Himalaya-Tibetan-Sanjiang orogen are associated with S-type granite or I-type granodiorite emplacement in a back-arc extensional setting during Neo-Tethys plate subduction.
Stable Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Constraints on the Source and Evolution of Ore Fluids in the Hongniu-Hongshan Cu Skarn Deposit, Yunnan Province, China
Trapping and escaping processes of Yangtze River-derived sediments to the East China Sea
Abstract Contour-parallel sediment dispersal from the Yangtze Estuary into the East China Sea develops a large-scale mud belt on the inner shelf. The sediment dynamics of long-distance dispersal is, however, still an open question. This was investigated by field observations in the 2013 wet season. To clarify the physics of the large-scale mud belt, we examined: (a) shelf circulation currents and their interaction with the Yangtze River; (b) small-/meso-scale processes including bottom boundary-layer flows, stratification and mixing, upwelling, and fronts; and (c) river-borne sediment gravity and contour currents. Field observations demonstrated that estuarine turbidity maxima can trap benthic concentrated suspensions in the near-bed layer and move these downslope of the subaqueous delta, forming sediment gravity currents supported by tidal currents. Compared with near-bed sediment transports, the buoyant coastal current cannot be a controlling factor in the mud belt formation. A constant along-shelf flux of near-bed sediment transport is responsible for the long-distance dispersal of the large-scale mud belt on the East China Sea inner shelf. The upwelling events provide more turbulent energy to sediment suspension under unstably stratified boundary flow. Our recognition of a contour-parallel ‘sediment channel’ has deep implications for understanding this inner-shelf mud belt and ancient mud deposits.
Fractal analysis of the ore-forming process in a skarn deposit: a case study in the Shizishan area, China
Abstract This paper presents a tool for analysing the element distribution and mineralization intensity. The Hurst exponents and a - f ( a ) multifractal spectrum are utilized to analyse the irregular element distribution in Shizishan skarn orefield, China. The Hurst exponents reveal the Cu, Ag, Au and Zn distributions in the skarn-dominated drill cores are persistent and those in marble-dominated drill core are nearly random; the persistence indicates the mineralized segments are repeatedly developed, with accordance to multi-layer structure of the ore-controlling bedding faults and orebodies. The small a min (minimum multifractal singularity) of the Cu, Ag and Au in M 1 reflect bare mineralization. The a min also displays that the mineralization intensities are varied for distinct elements and for different locations, yet the similarity of the distinct ore-forming processes is manifested by constant a min / f ( a min ) ratio. The constant ratio indicates the wider mineralization range denotes a more compact concentration distribution. The compact distributions represent the wide Cu, Ag and Au mineralization in skarns, and the loose distributions reflect the bare Cu, Ag and Au mineralization in marbles. Moreover a min shows a positive correlation with Hurst exponents in the Shizishan skarn orefield. Using fractal analysis the author’s show that although the mineralization intensities for different elements and different locations along the Shizishan skarn orefield is not consistent, similar mineralization processes can be correlated to similar fractal exponents.